I skipped the olive harvest in my village near Nablus to listen to Donald Trump’s much-anticipated speech before the Israeli Knesset and the subsequent summit in Sharm el-Sheikh. I had hoped—perhaps naively—that the US president, now once again playing a central role in Middle East diplomacy, might finally acknowledge Palestinian suffering or offer a genuine vision for peace. Instead, what I heard left me deeply disappointed, even angry.
Trump spoke for nearly an hour, full of self-congratulation and exaggerated praise for Israel’s “resilience” after 7 October. He called it one of Israel’s darkest days, repeating stories of Israeli pain, fear, and heroism. But not once did he mention the ongoing genocide in Gaza—the tens of thousands of Palestinian civilians killed, the families buried under rubble, the starving children trapped in what has become the world’s largest open-air graveyard.
He seemed proud—boastful even—of his role in arming Israel. He bragged about how his administration “stood by Israel like no other” and reminded the audience that it was he who moved the US embassy to Jerusalem and recognized the illegal Israeli settlements as “legitimate.” He said all this as though gifting our land away was an act of peace.
As a Palestinian living under occupation, I felt that his words were not just ignorant but cruel. They erased our humanity. They erased 77 years of Palestinian displacement and oppression. They erased the checkpoints that divide our lives, the walls that suffocate our villages, and the soldiers who humiliate our elders and children daily.
While Trump was speaking in Jerusalem, my close friend in Gaza was searching for food and shelter for his family after their home was destroyed by Israeli bombing. He lives with his wife and children in a small tent, far from their shattered neighbourhood. In a short voice note he sent me — with the sound of drones buzzing above — he said they had eaten only a little food in two days. As Trump boasted about “supporting Israel’s defence,” my friend was struggling to defend his family from hunger, cold, and despair — not from an army, but from a war machine that has turned his life into rubble.
Trump’s so-called “peace plan,” unveiled once again with great fanfare, offers nothing resembling peace. It is not even a plan—it is a continuation of the same colonial logic that has defined every failed American initiative since 1948: to secure Israel’s dominance while pacifying Palestinians into submission.
From what we have seen, the “plan” does not even address the root cause of the conflict—the Israeli occupation of Palestinian land. It speaks vaguely about “economic opportunities” and “regional cooperation,” as if what we need are more jobs instead of freedom. It promises “security for Israel” but nothing about security for Palestinians living under constant military siege. It celebrates normalisation between Israel and Arab regimes, while ignoring the normalization of apartheid and dispossession on the ground.
This is not peace. It is a political mirage designed to buy time for Israel to continue its colonization project.
I remember the last time Trump presented a “deal of the century,” back in 2020. Back then, too, he stood beside Israeli leaders while excluding Palestinians entirely from the process. That plan, like this one, sought to legalize the illegal: annexation of settlements, denial of refugee rights, and the permanent fragmentation of Palestinian territory. The difference now is that the destruction in Gaza and the tightening of Israel’s control over the West Bank have made such plans even more grotesque.
When Trump stood before the Knesset and described Israel as “a beacon of democracy and civilization,” I thought of the olive trees uprooted near my village by settlers under army protection. I thought of the hundreds of checkpoints that prevent us from reaching our land. I thought of my friends in Gaza who haven’t had a single night of safety in two years. Is this the “civilization” he was praising?
For us Palestinians, peace has never meant simply the absence of war. Peace means justice. It means accountability for war crimes. It means the right to live freely on our land without occupation, without siege, without fear.
At the Sharm el-Sheikh summit, Trump was joined by Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi and several Arab officials. They all spoke in the same language of “stability,” “security,” and “ending the cycle of violence.” But what they did not say was more telling: none demanded an end to occupation; none called for lifting the siege on Gaza; none spoke of justice for Palestinian victims.
Many Arab regimes seem eager to move on from the Palestinian issue, to normalize with Israel and focus on their own interests. But ignoring injustice will not bring stability to the region. The Palestinian struggle for freedom cannot simply be erased because it is inconvenient to powerful governments. Injustice breeds resistance. And no amount of political summits or empty declarations will change that fact.
Trump’s “peace plan” is not only about politics—it is also about profit. He treats diplomacy as a business deal, where justice and human rights are bargaining chips. His approach is transactional: sell weapons, secure contracts, reward allies. By promoting this plan, Trump is trying to whitewash Israel’s crimes, to make genocide and apartheid look like stability and partnership. He aims to polish Israel’s image internationally while creating lucrative opportunities for arms deals and regional investments. It is the commercialization of oppression.
But if Israel is not held accountable for what the entire world has seen—massacres livestreamed to our screens, starvation used as a weapon, entire families erased—then the international system itself has collapsed. The institutions that were built after World War II to uphold justice and prevent genocide will have proven meaningless. If such atrocities can occur in broad daylight, with impunity, while world leaders speak of “peace,” then the moral foundation of the international order has crumbled.
When Trump left the podium to applause from Israeli lawmakers, I realized that this was not a peace process—it was a performance. It was meant to reassure Israel and its allies that nothing would fundamentally change, that Palestinian suffering would remain background noise to the “new Middle East” they dream of.
But for us, the reality is very different. Every day, we wake up to news of more killings in Gaza, more arrests in the West Bank, more land confiscations, more despair. We do not have the privilege of pretending that peace can exist without justice.
I returned to my olive trees after Trump’s speech, with the noise of his words still echoing in my head. As I picked the olives from branches planted by my grandfather, I felt the deep connection between our land and our struggle. These trees have survived droughts, wars, and occupations. They are witnesses to our history and symbols of our steadfastness.
Trump may talk about “peace” in grand halls and luxury resorts, but real peace begins here—in the soil of Palestine, in the dignity of our people, and in the pursuit of justice that no speech can silence.
Until the occupation ends, until the siege on Gaza is lifted, until those responsible for genocide and ethnic cleansing are held accountable, there will be no peace—no matter how many plans or summits are announced.
The world must understand that Palestinians do not reject peace; we reject oppression disguised as peace. We are not asking for privileges or favours. We are demanding our basic human rights: freedom, equality, and justice.
Trump’s visit has only reinforced one truth—that peace built on denial and injustice will never last. The path to real peace begins not in the Knesset or in Sharm el-Sheikh, but in the recognition of Palestinian rights and the end of Israeli occupation. Only then can we speak of peace with meaning.
Victor Davis Hanson is a military historian and classicist, best known for works such as A War Like No Other: How the Athenians and Spartans Fought the Peloponnesian War, Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power, and Who Killed Homer: The Demise of Classical Education and the Recovery of Greek Wisdom.
To be fair, these works are not without merit; Who Killed Homer in particular occupies an important place in the ongoing academic debate over the teaching of the classics. However, Hanson’s analysis collapses entirely when it comes to U.S. foreign policy and the nation’s involvement in perpetual wars across the Middle East and beyond. In The Savior Generals, for instance, he devotes an entire chapter to praising the catastrophic invasion of Iraq in 2003—a debacle that left the region in ruins.[1]
In an apparent attempt to rescue both himself and the neoconservative movement from intellectual and political oblivion, Hanson drew an extraordinary comparison between the Iraq War and the wars of 1777, 1941, and 1950. He went so far as to claim that these conflicts “led to massive American casualties and, for a time, public despair.”[2]
Not once did Hanson acknowledge the incontrovertible fact that the Iraq War was built upon a monumental deception. He never confronted the well-documented reality that the U.S. intelligence community explicitly informed the Bush administration that there was no credible evidence indicating that Saddam Hussein possessed weapons of mass destruction. Nor did he address the fact that President Bush and his inner circle deliberately sought to fabricate and manipulate evidence in order to inundate the American public with the categorical falsehood that Saddam had to be removed.[3]
Hanson made no attempt whatsoever to engage with the vast body of scholarly evidence surrounding these issues.[4] He remained silent on the atrocities committed at Abu Ghraib—the sodomy, humiliation, and torture that forever stained America’s moral standing.[5] Not once did he acknowledge that, prior to the Iraq War, practices such as waterboarding were virtually foreign to the American moral and legal tradition. Nor did he mention that George Washington himself unequivocally repudiated the use of torture, even against enemies who had shown no mercy.[6]
By now, it is a matter of public record that torture at Abu Ghraib was not an isolated incident but a systematic practice. Reports and testimonies confirmed that prisoners were routinely subjected to brutal physical and sexual abuse, including coerced acts of humiliation and violence that defied every principle of human dignity. Even young detainees were not spared such degradation. Official investigations and leaked photographs later revealed the extent of these atrocities, which stand as a permanent indictment of the moral collapse that accompanied the Iraq War. One prisoner testified that he saw one officer
“fucking a kid, his age would be about 15-18 years. The kid was hurting very bad and they covered all the doors with sheets. Then when I heard the screaming I climbed the door because on top it wasn’t covered and I saw [name blacked out], who was wearing the military uniform putting his dick in the little kid’s ass. I couldn’t see the face of the kid because his face wasn’t in front of the door. And the female soldier was taking pictures.”[7]
What’s more even interesting, “150 inmates were crammed into cells designed for 24.”[8] Abu Ghraib, as one writer put it, was “a hell-hole.”[9] Torture was also routine in Afghanistan, where adolescents were beaten with hoses “and pipes and threats of sodomy.”[10] These atrocities were not committed in obscurity. Cambridge University Press has published extensive documentation of such abuses in a volume exceeding 1,200 pages, detailing the systematic nature of the torture and its moral, political, and legal implications.[11] These atrocities were also corroborated by psychiatrists such as Terry Kupers, whose professional assessments provided further evidence of the profound psychological trauma inflicted on the victims and the moral disintegration of those who carried out the abuse.[12]
For Hanson to attempt to wiggle out of this extensive body of scholarship is nothing short of intellectual dishonesty. Since the Iraq War turned out to be an unmitigated disaster—and given that Hanson supported it from its inception[13]—he is now compelled to construct arguments that are at once incoherent and irresponsibly tendentious. This rhetorical contortion serves a dual purpose: to preserve his Neoconservative equilibrium and to justify his well-funded position as a military historian at the Hoover Institution, an establishment known for its distinctly neoconservative orientation.
More importantly, Victor Davis Hanson is a Neocon ideologue and an unapologetic warmonger. He declared without hesitation:
“I came to support neocon approaches first in the wars against the Taliban and Saddam, largely because I saw little alternative—in a post-9-11 effort to stop radical Islam and state sponsors of terror—to removing such odious enemies, and did not think leaving the defeated in power (as in 1991), or leaving in defeat (as in Lebanon), or installing a postbellum strongman was viable or in U.S. interests.”[14]
Hanson, it seems, would prefer deliberate falsehoods over confronting uncomfortable truths. The war in Iraq was never about weapons of mass destruction, precisely because the Neocons themselves were fully aware that Saddam Hussein possessed no weapons of mass destruction.
For example, when Deputy National Security Advisor Stephen Hadley informed Paul Wolfowitz that there was no evidence of a link between Al Qaeda and Saddam Hussein, Wolfowitz responded with certainty, “We’ll find it. It’s got to be there”[15]—effectively signaling that if no such connection existed, they would fabricate one. Ultimately, the Neoconservatives did precisely that, constructing deliberate falsehoods to justify the destruction of an entire nation—Iraq—for the strategic benefit of Israel.
What we are witnessing is an alarming intellectual decline on Hanson’s part. He effectively lost credibility as a serious analyst when he claimed that Iran intended to promote a Jewish Holocaust, despite the fact that Iranian Jews themselves widely denounced Netanyahu for perpetuating similarly alarmist and conspiratorial rhetoric, calling him an “insane vampire.”.[16] And what of Jimmy Carter? Hanson contends that Carter’s positions were effectively aligned with anti-Semitic sentiment.[17] Ignoring Israel’s ongoing ethnic cleansing of Palestinians in the 1940s and beyond, Hanson begins to reconstruct history according to his own narrative: “[Israel] fought three existential wars over its 1947 borders, when the issue at hand was not manifest destiny, but the efforts of its many enemies to exterminate or deport its population.”[18]
Sounding almost unhinged and unwilling to heed reasoned critique, Hanson asserts that, for more than half a century, the Arabs have sought to push “the Jews into the Mediterranean.” There is no serious scholarship, no intellectual or historical rigor, and no defensible argument—only one sweeping assertion after another. Hanson continues: “Over 500,000 Jews have been ethnically cleansed from Arab capitals since 1947, in waves of pogroms that come every few decades.”[19]
The source and historical evidence? According to Hanson, one simply has to take his word for it. His statement is self-referentially “true” because Hanson asserts it to be so. This is the same type of circular reasoning and tautology frequently encountered in so-called scientific discourse—most famously in the notion of “survival of the fittest.” Why did it survive? Because it is the fittest. How do we know it is the fittest? Because it survived.
Yet, long before Hanson began promoting his version of historical fiction, Jewish historians both in the Atlantic world and in Israel had documented a very different reality: Israel has systematically ethnically cleansed the Palestinian population.[20] Listen again to Israeli historian and flaming Zionist Benny Morris:
“A Jewish state would not have come into being without the uprooting of 700,000 Palestinians. Therefore it was necessary to uproot them. There was no choice but to expel that population. It was necessary to cleanse the hinterland and cleanse the border areas and cleanse the main roads. It was necessary to cleanse the villages from which our convoys and our settlements were fired on.”[21]
Israel has consistently undermined peace and stability in the Middle East. A striking example is the 1982 massacre, during which the Israeli military permitted Lebanese militias to attack Palestinian refugee populations. Reports indicate that the militias “raped, killed, and dismembered at least 800 civilians, while Israeli flares illuminated the camps’ narrow and darkened alleyways.”[22]
One year later, an Israeli investigative commission concluded that Israel was “indirectly responsible” for the massacre and that Ariel Sharon bore personal responsibility as an accomplice.[23]
How did Israeli officials involve the United States in these events? According to declassified documents housed in the Israel State Archives, they persuaded U.S. officials that Beirut harbored terrorist cells. Ultimately, this manipulation facilitated the massacre of Palestinian civilians—people whom the U.S. had previously pledged to protect.[24] Ariel Sharon asserted that Beirut harbored between 2,000 and 3,000 terrorists.
The American envoy to the Middle East, Morris Draper, essentially concluded that Sharon was being dishonest. Lawrence S. Eagleburger, then Secretary of State, remarked that “we appear to some to be the victim of deliberate deception by Israel.”[25]
During his conversation with Sharon, Draper understood that the United States did not fully endorse Sharon’s aggressive plans. Nevertheless, Sharon proceeded to act on his own terms. It was reported that Draper told Sharon, “You should be ashamed. The situation is absolutely appalling. They’re killing children! You have the field completely under your control and are therefore responsible for that area.”[26]
In the aftermath of the massacre, President Ronald Reagan, himself a Zionist, expressed outrage. Secretary of State George P. Shultz acknowledged that the United States had effectively become an accomplice, allowing Israel to manipulate U.S. policy to facilitate the slaughter of civilians. Yet no sanctions were imposed, and no concrete actions were taken. When asked why, Nicholas A. Veliotes, then Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs, offered an indirect explanation: “Vintage Sharon. It is his way or the highway.”[27] Scholar Seth Anziska declares, “The Sabra and Shatila massacre severely undercut America’s influence in the Middle East, and its moral authority plummeted.”[28]
How might Hanson respond? Would he dismiss the archival evidence meticulously documented by Morris Draper and Ilan Pappe in their respective studies? Would he evade the fact that Israel has often acted as a destabilizing force in the Middle East? The answer is likely that we will never know, because Hanson systematically avoids engaging with such historical scholarship. Instead, he prefers silence, selectively ignoring a substantial body of evidence that contradicts his narrative.
If you still doubt this, pick up Hanson’s recent book, The End of Everything. In it, he reads as if he’s on the verge of a heart attack at the mere thought of Iran possessing nuclear weapons. He writes:
“The specter of a soon to be nuclear theocratic Iran that professes it can survive a nuclear exchange, or at least find the ensuing postmortem paradise preferrable to the status quo ante bellum, ensures a dangerous state of affairs, especially amid recent proxy wars between Iran and nuclear Israel in Gaza, Lebanon, and Syria.”[29]
What Hanson never dares to tell his readers is that Iran has signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty, whereas Israel has not—and consistently insists on a double standard. Israel itself poses a global threat, declaring that if it falls, it will take the world down with it. Listen to Israeli historian Martin van Creveld’s chilling warning:
“We possess several hundred atomic warheads and rockets and can launch them at targets in all directions, perhaps even at Rome. Most European capitals are targets for our air force… We have the capability to take the world down with us. And I can assure you that that will happen before Israel goes under.”[30]
Shouldn’t Hanson be concerned about this? Or is he so dazzled by Israeli and neocon propaganda that he cannot think clearly, leaving him both intellectually and historically crippled? Like his fellow neocons, Hanson will never consult objective, scholarly materials that challenge his thesis on Iran and Israel. For instance, he won’t touch Trita Parsi’s trilogy on Iran, published by Yale University Press, nor will he engage with studies such as Intelligence and U.S. Foreign Policy: Iraq, 9/11, and Misguided Reform—apparently because doing so would undermine his neoconservative agenda.[31]
Hanson’s 2021 book, The Dying Citizen: How Progressive Elites, Tribalism, and Globalization Are Destroying the Idea of America, is nothing short of propaganda. Why? Because a look at the very foundations of the United States reveals that the Founding Fathers themselves rejected the notion of making unconditional alliances with any foreign power—let alone Israel. So how did Hanson and his neocon allies become defenders of a country that has brought nothing but misery to the United States? The term “progressive elites” might be more aptly applied to Hanson and his cohort, as they have sought to fundamentally alter the principles articulated by the Founding Fathers.
In The Dying Citizen, Hanson risibly declares that he is deeply concerned about “how putting global concerns above national interests insidiously erodes the financial health, freedoms, and safety of Americans. In blunter terms, when American elites feel their first concerns are with the world community abroad rather than with the interests of their own countrymen, there are consequences for American citizens.”[32] Does this man ever look in the mirror and realize that he too has contributed to the economic disaster that followed the Iraq War—a war that will cost the United States at least six trillion dollars?[33] Think for a moment: what could a single country do with such an enormous sum? Virtually every American could have access to decent health care and an affordable college education. Yet Hanson cannot confront these fundamental issues because he remains blinded by the neoconservative and Israeli agenda.
Hanson reminds me of Thomas Sowell, who has offered many valuable insights in his books, yet Sowell too seems intellectually constrained by the Israeli propaganda machine. Much of what Sowell has written over the years—including Education: Assumptions versus History and Affirmative Action: An Empirical Study—is accurate. I must admit, I had to do some serious rethinking when I first read his assessment of slavery.
But Sowell is completely mistaken in his stance on the Middle East. He is essentially echoing what neocons have been asserting for years and appears trapped within the neoconservative worldview. In his 2010 book Dismantling America, Sowell declares:
“With Iran moving toward the development of nuclear weapons, we are getting dangerously close to that fatal point of no return on the world stage… The Iranian government itself is giving us the clearest evidence of what a nuclear Iran would mean, with its fanatical hate-filled declarations about wanting to wipe Israel off the face of the earth.”[34]
What was particularly striking about this extraordinary claim is that Sowell provided not a single piece of evidence for it—an intellectually embarrassing omission that undermines much of his own work. When I finished reading The Vision of the Anointed, I contacted Sowell to express my appreciation for his work, to which he politely replied, “Thank you.” However, after reading Dismantling America and asking him for evidence supporting some of his assertions, he never responded. He continues to warn about “the fatal danger of a nuclear Iran,” yet there is no way to assess these authoritative—and indeed dogmatic—claims because Sowell offers not a shred of evidence.
Sowell serves the neocons and warmongers in the United States in a manner similar to what Charles Murray does for neocon think tanks like the American Enterprise Institute. After supporting the invasion of Iraq for years and writing positively about progress there in works such as Intellectuals and Society,[35] Sowell later wrote in 2015: “Whether it was a mistake to invade Iraq in the first place is something that will no doubt be debated by historians and others for years to come.”[36] Sowell then advanced a claim that directly contradicts all available evidence regarding the Iraq War:
“But, despite things that could have been done differently in Iraq during the Bush administration, in the end President Bush listened to his generals and launched the military ‘surge’ that crushed the terrorist insurgents and made Iraq a viable country.”[37]
Iraq is a “viable country”? Sowell echoes the same tired mantra in Intellectuals and Society, insisting that the “Iraq surge” was a success—even in the face of abundant evidence proving otherwise. He writes: “Eventually, claims that the surge had failed as predicted faded away amid increasingly undeniable evidence that it had succeeded.”[38] Where has this man been living for the past ten years? One would have to be morally and intellectually blind to come up with such nonsense. Consider the perspective of retired U.S. Army Armor Branch officer and military historian Andrew J. Bacevich:
“Apart from a handful of deluded neoconservatives, no one believes that the United States accomplished its objectives in Iraq, unless the main objective was to commit mayhem, apply a tourniquet to staunch the bleeding, and then declare the patient stable while hastily leaving the scene of the crime… The fighting in Afghanistan and Iraq has exacted a huge price from the U.S. military—especially the army and the Marines. More than 6,700 soldiers have been killed so far in those two conflicts, and over fifty thousand have been wounded in action, about 22 percent with traumatic brain injuries. Furthermore, as always happens in war, many of the combatants are psychological casualties, as they return home with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or depression.
“The Department of Veterans Affairs reported in the fall of 2012 that more than 247,000 veterans of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars have been diagnosed with PTSD. Many of those soldiers have served multiple combat tours. It is hardly surprising that the suicide rate in the U.S. military increased by 80 percent from 2002 to 2009, while the civilian rate increased only 15 percent. And in 2009, veterans of Iraq were twice as likely to be unemployed as the typical American. On top of all that, returning war veterans are roughly four times more likely to face family-related problems like divorce, domestic violence and child abuse than those who stayed out of harm’s way.
“In 2011, the year the Iraq War ended, one out of every five active duty soldiers was on antidepressants, sedatives, or other prescription drugs. The incidence of spousal abuse spiked, as did the divorce rate among military couples. Debilitating combat stress reached epidemic proportions. So did brain injuries. Soldier suicides skyrocketed.”[39]
As Dismantling America progresses, it becomes clear that Sowell is entirely ensnared in the neoconservative matrix. He asserts, “Iran, for example, has for years ignored repeated U.N. resolutions and warnings against building nuclear facilities that can produce bombs.”[40] In 2012, Sowell wrote in the National Review that Iran was “well on its way to being able to produce more than the two bombs that were enough to force Japan to surrender in 1945.”[41]
This mantra has been repeated endlessly, yet no one has produced any scholarly or academic evidence to support it. In fact, the available scholarship directly refutes this frivolous claim. Paul R. Pillar, an academic and 28-year veteran of the CIA, has stated that Iran is not a threat to global peace. Remarkably, Pillar even made the controversial claim that we could coexist with Iran possessing nuclear weapons.[42] Sowell’s stance only confirms what Andrew J. Bacevich warned in 2012 in his article “How We Became Israel”:
“U.S. national-security policy increasingly conforms to patterns of behavior pioneered by the Jewish state. This ‘Israelification’ of U.S. policy may prove beneficial for Israel. Based on the available evidence, it’s not likely to be good for the United States.”[43]
Both Sowell and Hanson have, in effect, become ideological extensions of Israel—perpetuating hoaxes, fabrications, and at times outright falsehoods about the Israel–Palestine conflict and the broader Middle East. Consider Hanson’s statement that “the radical Iranian ayatollah Ali Khamenei could freely tweet about destroying Israel.”[44]
What have Iranian representatives actually been saying for more than fifty years? Khomeini once declared that “international Zionism is using the United States to plunder the oppressed people of the world.” To understand this statement properly, we must place it within its historical context. Khomeini coined the term “the Great Satan” in 1979 largely because he had witnessed firsthand what “international Zionism” and Western powers were doing throughout the Middle East and beyond. It’s important to remember that the Anglo-American coup in Iran in 1953 effectively vindicated much of Khomeini’s suspicion about foreign interference and exploitation.
“There is no crime America will not commit in order to maintain its political, economic, cultural, and military domination of those parts of the world where it predominates,” Khomeini said back in 1979. “By means of its hidden and treacherous agents [i.e., the Neoconservatives and other warmongers], it sucks the blood of the defenseless people as if it alone, together with its satellites, had the right to live in this world. Iran has tried to sever all its relations with this Great Satan and it is for this reason that it now finds wars imposed upon it.”[45]
Khomeini’s uncomfortable yet largely accurate observation remains relevant today. If anyone doubts this, they need only look at how Israel and the neocons in the United States have systematically contributed to the destruction of one Middle Eastern nation after another—from Iraq and Afghanistan to Syria and Libya. It must also be noted that these figures show little genuine concern for the well-being of the American people. Their priority has long been the pursuit of an aggressive foreign policy in the Middle East that consistently serves particular geopolitical interests rather than U.S. national ones. As my colleague Vladimir Golstein of Brown University once remarked, neoconservatives are incapable of understanding political reality.[46] In that sense, they cannot construct a coherent worldview without resorting to double standards. Scholar Michael MacDonald has documented this tendency in detail:
“As [the Neocons] were mocking Clinton in the late 1990s as cowardly for his caution in the face of Saddam’s brutality, central Africa was engulfed in war and chaos. Around 5,400,000 people, mostly in Congo, perished in the convulsions and the starvation and disease they caused from 1998 to 2003.
“Yet the Weekly Standard, a reliable guide to neoconservative priorities, published just two stories on Congo during these years. In the same time span it published 279 articles on Iraq. Neoconservatives were bent on projecting power in the Middle East, not on engaging in humanitarian do-goodism.”[47]
The fact that Khomeini emphasized “international Zionism” shows that his criticism was not directed at ordinary Americans—most of whom have little understanding of the geopolitical realities in the Middle East—but at the powerful political and ideological networks that have shaped U.S. policy there for decades. His warning pointed to the continuing suffering of Palestinians since 1948, a reality well documented by numerous human-rights organizations. If one prefers more recent examples, the wars and interventions in Iraq, Afghanistan, Libya, Pakistan, Yemen, and Syria provide ample evidence of how destructive these policies have been.
Hanson objects to Iran’s use of expressions such as “the Zionist regime,” suggesting that such terminology reflects an illegitimate or hostile stance that must be rejected. Yet, he never addresses how figures within the Israeli establishment—including certain rabbis and political leaders—have themselves described Palestinians and Arabs in dehumanizing terms. For example, Rabbi Yaacov Perrin once stated, “One million Arabs are not worth a Jewish fingernail,”[48] while MK Rabbi Eli Ben-Dahan referred to Palestinians as “beasts, not human.” Ben-Dahan further asserted that “a Jew always has a much higher soul than a gentile, even if he is a homosexual.”[49]
Were such remarks uttered by religious or political figures in a Muslim-majority country, they would undoubtedly provoke international outrage and intense media scrutiny. Yet when similar statements emanate from Israeli officials, they are largely ignored or downplayed by major Western outlets. This double standard raises important ethical and political questions. How can Middle Eastern nations be expected to engage in meaningful cooperation with Israel when the Israeli leadership and certain religious authorities display open contempt for the very people with whom they must coexist? More importantly, why do historians such as Hanson fail to meaningfully engage with these issues in any of their books? Listen to Hanson very carefully in his book Between War and Peace Lessons from Afghanistan to Iraq:
“Palestinians appeal to the American public on grounds that three or four times as many of their own citizens have died as Israelis. The crazy logic is that in war the side that suffers the most casualties is either in the right or at least should be the winner. Some Americans nursed on the popular ideology of equivalence find this attractive. But if so, they should then sympathize with Hitler, Tojo, Kim Il Sung, and Ho Chi Minh, who all lost more soldiers —and civilians—in their wars against us than we did. Perhaps a million Chinese were casualties in Korea, ten times the number of Americans killed, wounded, and missing. Are we, then, to forget that the Communists crossed the Yalu River to implement totalitarianism in the south—and instead agree that their catastrophic wartime sacrifices were proof of American culpability? Palestinians suffer more casualties than Israelis not because they wish to, or because they are somehow more moral —but because they are not as adept in fighting real soldiers in the fullfledged war that is growing out of their own intifada.We are told that Palestinian civilians who are killed by the Israeli Defense Forces are the moral equivalent of slaughtering Israeli civilians at schools, restaurants, and on buses. That should be a hard sell for Americans after September 11, who are currently bombing in Afghanistan to ensure that there are not more suicide murderers on our shores. This premise hinges upon the acceptance that the suicide bombers’ deliberate butchering of civilians is the same as the collateral damage that occurs when soldiers retaliate against other armed combatants.”[50]
It is important to note that Hanson, as a historian, makes these claims without citing a single serious scholarly source to substantiate them. A considerable body of balanced academic research exists that he appears to have disregarded, including works produced by Israeli and Zionist historians such as Benny Morris and others.[51] Morris declared unambiguously:
“A Jewish state would not have come into being without the uprooting of 700,000 Palestinians. Therefore it was necessary to uproot them. There was no choice but to expel that population. It was necessary to cleanse the hinterland and cleanse the border areas and cleanse the main roads. It was necessary to cleanse the villages from which our convoys and our settlements were fired on.”[52]
Does Hanson genuinely maintain that the Palestinians themselves are to blame for the process of ethnic cleansing carried out under the pretext of combating terrorism? Only an Israeli or Zionist ideologue could plausibly sustain the kind of argument that Hanson is advancing.
Moreover, people like Hanson would never have the intellectual courage to address the issue of Jewish terrorism,[53] as doing so would evidently undermine the foundations of their otherwise unsubstantiated arguments. Israel has even been implicated in acts of terrorism against the United States,[54] yet this remains of little concern to Neocon puppets such as Hanson, who continue to promote the view that support for Israel is necessary.[55]
Notes
[1] Victor Davis Hanson, The Savior Generals: How Five Great Commanders Saved Wars That Were Lost—From Ancient Greece to Iraq (New York: Bloomsbury Books, 2013), chapter 5.
[2] Victor Davis Hanson, The Father of Us All: War and History—Ancient and Modern (New York: Bloomsbury Books, 2010), 12.
[3] See for example Vincent Bugliosi, The Prosecution of George W. Bush for Murder (New York: Perseus Books, 2008).
[4] See for example Paul R. Pillar, Intelligence and U.S. Foreign Policy: Iraq, 9/11, and Misguided Reform (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011); Murray Friedman, The Neoconservative Revolution: Jewish Intellectuals and the Shaping of Public Policy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005); Stefan Halper and Jonathan Clarke, America Alone: The Neo-Conservatives and the Global Order (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004); Bob Drogin, Curveball: Spies, Lies, and the Con Man Who Caused a War (New York: Random House, 2007); John J. Mearsheimer and Stephen M. Walt, The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy (New York: 2007). More scholarly studies have been published recently Stephen M. Walt, The Israel Lobby and US Foreign Policy (New York: Farrar & Straus, 2007); More scholarly studies have been published recently: Michael MacDonald, Overreach: Delusion of Regime Change in Iraq (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014); John M. Schuessler, Deceit on the Road to War: Presidents, Politics, and American Democracy (New York: Cornell University Press, 2015).
[5] See Karen J. Geenberg and Joshua L. Dratel, eds., The Torture Papers: The Road to Abu Ghraib (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004); Lila Rajiva, The Language of Empire: Abu Ghraib and the American Media (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2005); Alfred McCoy, A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation, From the Cold War to the War on Terror (New York: Owl Books, 2006); Mark Danner, Torture and Truth: America, Abu Ghraib, and the War on Terror (New York: New York Review of Books, 2004); Dana Priest and Joe Stephens, “Secret World of U.S. Interrogation,” Washington Post, May 11, 2004; for similar reports, see Jane Mayer, “The Black Sites: A Rare Look inside the C.IA.’s Secret Interrogation Program,” NewYorker, August 13, 2007; Craig Whitlock, “Jordan’s Spy Agency: Holding Cell for the CIA,” Washington Post, December 1, 2007. Jane Mayer, The Dark Side: The Inside Story of How the War on Terror Turned into a War on American Ideals (New York: Anchor Books, 2009).
[6] David Hackett Fischer, Washington’s Crossing (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).
[7] Cited in Mark Danner, Torture and Truth: America, Abu Ghraib, and the War on Terror (New York: New York Review of Books, 2004), 243.
[8] Susan Taylor Martin, “Her Job: Lock Up Iraq’s Bad Guys,” St. Petersburg Times, December 14, 2003.
[9] Alfred McCoy, A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation, From the Cold War to the War on Terror (New York: Owl Books, 2006), 132.
[10] See for example Alissa J. Rubin, “Anti-Torture Efforts in Afghanistan Failed, U.N. Says,” NY Times, January 20, 2013.
[11] Karen J. Geenberg and Joshua L. Dratel, eds., The Torture Papers: The Road to Abu Ghraib (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
[12] See for example Lila Rajiva, The Language of Empire: Abu Ghraib and the American Media (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2005), 167.
[13] Victor Davis Hanson, “On Loathing Bush: It’s Not About What He Does,” National Review, August 13, 2004.
[14] Victor Davis Hanson, “Catching up With Correspondence,” PJ Media, June 20, 2008.
[15] Thomas E. Ricks, “Fear Factor,” NY Times, October 5, 2012.
[16] “Iran’s Jewish parliamentarian calls Netanyahu an ‘insane vampire’ over Persia comparison,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, March 14, 2017.
[17] Victor Davis Hanson, “Israel Did It!: When in Doubt, Shout About Israel,” National Review, December 15, 2006.
[18] Victor Davis Hanson, “The New Anti-Semitism,” Hoover.org, March 28, 2012.
[20] See for example Zeev Sternhell , The Founding Myths of Israel (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); Ilan Pappe, The Forgotten Palestinians: A History of the Palestinians in Israel (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011); Benny Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee: Problem Revisited (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003); Ilan Pappe , The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine (London: One World Publications, 2007). Benny Morris, 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008).
[21] Ari Shavit, “Survival of the Fittest? an Interview with Benny Morris,” Counterpunch, May 23, 2010.
[22] Seth Anziska, “A Preventable Massacre,” NY Times, September 16, 2012.
[29] Victor Davis Hanson, The End of Everything: How Wars Descend into Annihilation (New York: Basic Books, 2024), kindle edition.
[30] Quoted in “The War Game,” Guardian, September 21, 2003.
[31] Trita Parsi , Treacherous Alliance: The Secret Dealings of Israel, Iran, and the United States (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008); A Single Roll of the Dice: Obama’s Diplomacy with Iran (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012); Losing an Enemy: Obama, Iran, and the Triumph of Diplomacy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2017); Paul R. Pillar, Intelligence and U.S. Foreign Policy: Iraq, 9/11, and Misguided Reform (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011); John J. Mearsheimer, Why Leaders Lie: The Truth About Lying in International Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011) .
[32] Victor Davis Hanson, The Dying Citizen: How Progressive Elites, Tribalism, and Globalization Are Destroying the Idea of America (New York: Basic Books, 2012), 269.
[33] Ernesto Londono, “Study: Iraq, Afghan war costs to top $4 trillion,” Washington Post, March 28, 2013; Bob Dreyfuss, The $6 Trillion Wars,” The Nation, March 29, 2013; “Iraq War Cost U.S. More Than $2 Trillion, Could Grow to $6 Trillion, Says Watson Institute Study,” Huffington Post, May 14, 2013; Mark Thompson, “The $5 Trillion War on Terror,” Time, June 29, 2011; “Iraq war cost: $6 trillion. What else could have been done?,” LA Times, March 18, 2013.
[34] Thomas Sowell, Dismantling America (New York: Basic Books, 2010), 48.
[35] Thomas Sowell, Intellectuals and Society (New York: Basic Books, 2009), chapter 7.
[36] Thomas Sowell, “Who Lost Iraq?,” Jewish World Review, June 9, 2015.
[41] Thomas Sowell, “Democrats, God, and Jerusalem,” National Review, September 11, 2012.
[42] Paul R. Pillar, “Waltz and Iranian Nukes,” National Interest, June 20, 2012. Paul R. Pillar, “We Can Live with a Nuclear Iran,” Washington Monthly, March/April 2012.
[43] Andrew J. Bacevich, “How We Became Israel,” American Conservative, September 10, 2012.
[45] Quoted in E. Michael Jones, “The Great Satan and Me: Reflections on Iran and Postmodernism’s Faustian Pact,” Culture Wars, July/August, 2015.
[46] Jonas E. Alexis and Vladimir Golstein, “Globalists and Neocons Prove Incapable of Understanding Reality,” VT, July 4, 2016.
[47] Michael MacDonald, Overreach: Delusions of Regime Change in Iraq (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014), 100.
[48] Quoted in Clyde Haberman, “West Bank Massacre; Israel Orders Tough Measures Against Militant Settlers,” NY Times, February 28, 1994.
[49] Philip Weiss, “Netanyahu deputy charged with administering Palestinians says they are ‘beasts, not human,’” Mondoweiss.com, May 9, 2015.
[50] Victor Davis Hanson, Between War and Peace Lessons from Afghanistan to Iraq (New York: Random House, 2004), 23-24.
[51] See for example Benny Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881-2001 (New York: Vintage, 2001); 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008); Ilan Pappe, The Forgotten Palestinians: A History of the Palestinians in Israel (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011); The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine (London: Oneworld Publications, 2007); Sara Roy, Hamas and Civil Society in Gaza (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013).
[52] Ari Shavit, “Survival of the Fittest: An Interview with Benny Morris,” Counterpunch, May 23, 2010.
[53] Ami Pedahzur and Arie Perliger, Jewish Terrorism in Israel (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011); Ronen Bergman, Rise and Kill First: The Secret History of Israel’s Targeted Assassinations (New York: Random House, 2019).
[54] James Scott, The Attack on the Liberty: The Untold Story of Israel’s Deadly 1967 Assault on a U.S. Spy Ship (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009); James M. Ennes, Assault on the Liberty (New York: Random House, 1979); A. Jay Cristol, The Liberty Incident: The 1967 Israeli Attack on the U.S. Navy Spy Ship (Dulles, VA: Bassey’s Inc., 2002).
[55] Hanson, Between War and Peace, chapters 10-14.
As anti-government protests known as the Arab Spring swept through the Middle East in early 2011, observers felt they were witnessing spontaneous, grassroots calls for freedom against decades of tyranny and dictatorship.
While the demands of the protestors were largely sincere, the protests that erupted in Tunisia, Egypt, Yemen, Libya, and crucially, Syria, were nevertheless the product of an unconventional warfare campaign organized by the Barack Obama administration, including the National Security Council (NSC), State Department, CIA, and allied intelligence agencies.
Rooted in Obama’s Presidential Study Directive 11 (PSD-11), the unconventional warfare campaign sought to spark “democratic transitions” in U.S. allied and enemy states alike. The objective was to replace authoritarian, Arab nationalist rulers with Muslim Brotherhood dominated governments even more friendly to American and Israeli interests.
As I have detailed in my book, Creative Chaos: Inside the CIA’s covert war to topple the Syrian government, Obama’s PSD-11 is an outgrowth of the broader American and Israeli effort to topple the government of Bashar al-Assad that began after 9/11.
The unconventional warfare campaign to spark the Arab Spring involved training local activists to use social media and internet privacy technologies such as Facebook and Tor to organize protests highlighting existing grievances.
Snipers were then unleashed to carry out false flag killings of protestors that could be blamed on government security forces.
The killing of protestors created the “martyrs” needed to fuel the fire of the protests and galvanize Arab populations to call for the overthrow of their governments.
Crucially, the false flag killings gave President Obama the necessary pretext to declare that Arab leaders had “lost legitimacy” by “killing their own people” and to demand their ouster.
As Russian military analyst Yuferev Sergey observed, the sniper phenomenon first appeared in Tunisia and then “smoothly migrated” to Egypt, Yemen, Libya, and finally to Syria.
“At first, I didn’t know why people were protesting. Syria was a rich country. Life was very good,” a Christian from Syria who witnessed the early events of the so-called Arab Spring told this author. “But then the government started shooting protestors. It gave people a reason to protest even more.”
The phenomenon appeared again in 2014 in Ukraine when snipers killed more than one hundred protesters, known as the “Heavenly Hundred,” in Kiev’s Maidan square. The killings led to a U.S.-backed coup that ousted the country’s pro-Russian president.
This paper details the role of snipers in efforts to topple governments in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Yemen, Syria, and Ukraine.
Presidential Study Directive 11
In August 2010, U.S. President Barack Obama tasked a team of advisors led by National Security Council officials, including Samantha Power, Ben Rhodes, Michael McFaul, and Dennis Ross, to issue a report known as Presidential Study Directive 11.
The report laid the blueprint for regime change in four Arab countries, including Egypt and three others left unnamed.
According to reporting from TheNew York Times, Obama “pressed his advisors to study popular uprisings in Latin America, Eastern Europe, and Southeast Asia to determine which ones worked and which did not.”
The report, the result of weekly meetings involving experts from the State Department and CIA, then “identified likely flashpoints, most notably Egypt, and solicited proposals for how the administration could push for political change in countries with autocratic rulers who are also valuable allies of the United States.”
The Obama administration was particularly concerned about Egypt due to the expected succession crisis to the rule of the country’s aging and unpopular president, Hosni Mubarak. U.S. officials wanted a way to control who would take Mubarak’s place, rather than leave the outcome to chance or allow Mubarak to place his son in power after him.
The policy advocated assisting the rise to power of Islamist groups, specifically the Muslim Brotherhood.
As David Ignatius of TheWashington Postreported in March 2011, after the Arab Spring was well under way, the Obama administration’s “low-key policy” involved “preparing for the prospect that Islamist governments will take hold in North Africa and the Middle East.”
Tacitly endorsing the Brotherhood, a senior Obama administration official argued, “If our policy can’t distinguish between al-Qaeda and the Muslim Brotherhood, we won’t be able to adapt to this change.”
Unconventional Warfare
While states at times engage in direct conflict against one another, they more often wage war covertly through proxies.
To avoid a direct confrontation and the possibility of a nuclear exchange during the Cold War, the United States, Soviet Union, China, France, and the United Kingdom “empowered rebel groups to act as proxies conducting irregular warfare on behalf of the patron state,” wrote Mike Fowler, Associate Professor of Military and Strategic Studies at the U.S. Air Force Academy.
“This empowerment often involved training, equipping, and funding non-state actors to overthrow or undermine governments that supported (whether real or perceived) the opposing power,” he added.
CIA support for Muslim extremists, known as the mujahideen, in Afghanistan to topple the pro-Soviet government in Kabul and to later fight occupying Soviet troops, is well documented.
Turning Members into Martyrs
After the fall of the Soviet Union, American efforts to overthrow post-Soviet states that remained within the Russian sphere of influence involved not only covert military support for “rebel” groups, but also the use of “non-violent” methods to spark anti-government protest movements known as “Color Revolutions.”
The use of non-violence to undermine pro-Russian governments was first theorized by American academic Gene Sharp and implemented by activists from the Center for Applied Non-Violent Action and Strategies (CANVAS) in Serbia.
Inherent to the non-violent strategy is the use of “political jiu-jitsu,” in which activists skillfully make government violence and repression “backfire,” writes Srdja Popovic, the executive director of CANVAS, in Foreign Policy.
Popovic emphasizes that to be successful, a movement must “be ready to capitalize on oppression.”
“Following a repressive act, it’s vital that activists keep the public aware of what has happened and take sustained measures to ensure that they don’t forget. One clever way to achieve this is to turn members of the movement who have faced particular scrutiny by a regime into martyrs,” he explained.
While opposition activists (and the intelligence agencies supporting them) can wait for an oppressive regime to create martyrs to rally around, they can also “create” them through “provocations.”
Employing snipers to carry out false flag killings during protests against an oppressive regime is an effective way to create such martyrs.
Russian analyst Yuferev Sergey stated that the use of snipers is not an effective riot control method for dispersing crowds at protests. If a sniper opens fire at a crowd, demonstrators will not hear or immediately notice the shots. Once they do, they will not know where the shots are coming from, or which way to run to escape them.
But the use of snipers at protests is an effective way to manufacture anger against an existing government or leader.
“[T]he bodies with gunshot wounds to the head or heart are sure to be found by journalists, and all this will go on TV and on the Internet,” Sergey writes. In the confusion of the events, no one will “rush to conduct ballistic examinations, to look for places from which the snipers worked. The answer is ready in advance, and all the blame immediately falls on the head of the ruling regime. This is exactly what the organizers of such provocations are trying to achieve.”
As a result, the presence of snipers has become the “hallmark of unrest” arising in many countries where the United States is seeking to topple an existing government, Sergey adds.
Snipers are used to create the “martyrs” needed by U.S.-trained and funded “non-violent” activists to rally around when calling for a government to be overthrown.
Snipers in Tunisia
The small north African nation of Tunisia was the first country to see its president toppled in the so-called Arab Spring.
The first protests in Tunisia erupted in the city of Sidi Bouzid in December 2010, four months after the Obama administration issued PSD-11.
A few weeks before, on November 28, Wikileaks released more than 250,000 leaked U.S. State Department cables, known as “Cablegate.”
Some of the cables regarded Tunisia, including one from the U.S. ambassador to the country discussing the corruption of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, his wife, and a broader circle of government officials.
The release of cables highlighting Ben Ali’s corruption was not part of a random, arbitrary dump of diplomatic documents later seized upon by Tunisians. It was part of a carefully prepared campaign by Wikileaks, which partnered with Tunisian exiles from the dissident website, Nawaat, to promote the cables.
Al-Jazeera reported that Wikileaks provided the cables in advance to Nawaat, whose activists read the documents, added context, translated them to French, and published them on a special website, Tunileaks, to allow Tunisian readers to understand them.
Thanks to this prior coordination, when Wikileaks was ready to release the cables, Nawaat was ready as well.
“As agreed, the first TuniLeaks went live less than an hour after WikiLeaks had published the diplomatic cables on its own site,” Al-Jazeera wrote.
According to Al-Jazeera, “Nawaat helped fertilize the cyber terrain so that when the uprising finally came, dissident networks were in place to battle the censorship regime. Nawaat amplified the protesters’ voices, sending them echoing across the internet and beyond.”
Al-Jazeera Arabic promoted the contents of the leaked cables as well by discussing them in a series of talk shows, helping to ensure Tunisians knew “their government was being run by a corrupt and nepotistic extended family.”
Tom Malinowski, a senior fellow at the McCain Institute, wrote in Foreign Policy that the cables released by Wikileaks had an important effect.
“The candid appraisal of Ben Ali by U.S. diplomats… contradicted the prevailing view among Tunisians that Washington would back Ben Ali to the bloody end, giving them added impetus to take to the streets,” Malinowski wrote.
“They further delegitimized the Tunisian leader and boosted the morale of his opponents at a pivotal moment in the drama that unfolded over the last few week,” he added.
Because the Wikileaks and Nawaat campaign to highlight corruption in Tunisia took place in the context of the PSD-11, this raises the question of whether Wikileaks participated, whether knowingly or unknowingly, in the Obama administration’s unconventional warfare campaign to topple Bin Ali.
On November 30, 2010, two days after Wikileaks released the massive trove of diplomatic cables, Zbigniew Brezinski, former national security adviser in the Jimmy Carter administration, speculated that Wikileaks was being manipulated by foreign intelligence agencies, which likely “seed” the organization’s releases with information to achieve specific objectives.
In July 2010, founder and editor Julian Assange indicated that, for security reasons, Wikileaks prefers not to know the source of leaks to the organization. “We never know the source of the leak,” he told journalists during an event at London’s Frontline Club. “Our whole system is designed such that we don’t have to keep that secret.”
In the past Wikileaks has relied on and promoted privacy software known as Tor, which allows users to browse websites, communicate, and transfer documents anonymously. Journalist Yasha Levine has documented how Tor, although touted as a privacy tool to counter U.S. government surveillance by Assange and National Security Agency (NSA) whistleblower Edward Snowden, was itself developed by the U.S. military.
Tor proved crucial in helping U.S.-trained activists topple Arab governments during the Arab Spring.
On December 17, 2010, roughly three weeks after the release of the Wikileaks cables, a young Tunisian man, Mohammad Bouazizi, lit himself on fire to protest the confiscation of his vegetable cart by a policewoman. He was taken to the hospital, where he died of his burns two weeks later, on January 4.
Anti-government protests erupted following Bouazizi’s act of self-immolation, which was widely viewed as the primary catalyst for the so-called “Tunisian Revolution” that followed.
However, the protests did not gain the momentum needed to force President Ben Ali from power until after snipers killed more than a dozen protestors in the town of Kasserine in western Tunisia between January 8 and 11.
Human Rights Watch (HRW) was able to find hospital and municipal records for seventeen victims killed during protests in Kasserine.
HRW noted the death of Mohammed Amine Mbarki, a 17-year-old son of a mechanic, as typical of the violence there. Mbarki joined an anti-government demonstration on January 8 at the main roundabout in the Zehour district, the poor neighborhood where he lived. While riot police fired tear gas at protestors from the front of a police station, Mbarki was shot by a bullet in the back of the head.
“We were shocked,” said Mbarki’s friend, Hamza Mansouri, who was with him. Mansouri told HRW that police snipers never before seen in Kasserine did the killing.
“Zehour residents quickly sanctified the roundabout with the name Martyrs Square. Young people readily exhibit videos on their mobile phone of chaos and bloody police violence. One shows a frenzied scene in a hospital emergency room, where a victim is shown with his brain blown out,” Daniel Williams of HRW wrote.
Snipers again opened fire at a funeral procession passing through Martyrs Square the next day, January 9. Witnesses told HRW that five or six people died at the roundabout that day, including at least one during the funeral.
Snipers opened fire again on January 10, before “disappearing” from the city that night. “One of the wonders of the uprising is that the more the police shot protesters, the more determined they became,” Williams of HRW concluded.
Al-Jazeera reported that according to witnesses in Kasserine, several people were shot from behind by “unidentified agents wearing different, slicker uniforms” than the regular police or army.
“From the beginning, [the army was] against shooting at people,” said Adel Baccari, a local magistrate.
The Qatari outlet added that the rifles and ammunition were not of the type used by Tunisian security forces.
Al-Jazeera noted that the killing of protestors by live sniper fire made such an impact that President Ben Ali referenced it in his speech on January 13. “Enough firing of real bullets,” Bin Ali said. “I refuse to see new victims fall.”
The speech turned out to be his last.
Tunisian doctor and activist Zied Mhirsi observed that the sniper killings were decisive in shifting public opinion against Ben Ali and pressuring him to resign and flee the country. Mhirsi says that the day after Ben Ali’s speech, January 14, saw a massive protest in the Tunisian capital that was organized through Facebook and which “everyone joined,” including the country’s middle class.
“And that day was crucial in showing that the public opinion has totally shifted and there was nobody supporting [Ben Ali] anymore. And then also that he lost control because he said no more real bullets on January 13th. And on January 14th there were still bullets in the air and snipers,” Mhirsi explained.
As a result, January 14 “was also the day he left,” ending his twenty-three years in power.
Mhirsi explained further to CBS News’ 60 Minutes program, “The turning point, the real one here was the real bullets… And then here we have the ruler, the government asking its police to shoot its own people using snipers, shooting people with real bullets in their heads.”
In addition to helping activists organize protests, Facebook played a key role in spreading awareness of the sniper killings among Tunisians.
“Facebook was the only video-sharing platform that was available to Tunisians. And seeing videos of people shot with real bullets in their heads on Facebook was shocking to many Tunisians,” Mhirsi added.
Before the “revolution,” young activists from Tunisia had joined others from Egypt, Syria, Iran and other Middle East states in attending conferences to learn how to use new technologies such as Facebook, Twitter, and Tor, for these purposes in the years preceding the Arab Spring.
The conferences were sponsored by the U.S. State Department and American tech companies, including Facebook and Google.
The same day Ben Ali was ousted, the White House issued a statement in which Barack Obama condemned the violence against protesters and welcomed Ben Ali’s exit. “I applaud the courage and dignity of the Tunisian people,” Obama claimed, while calling for “free and fair elections in the near future that reflect the true will and aspirations of the Tunisian people.”
As anticipated by Obama’s PSD-11, a new government came to power in Tunisa led by Islamists.
Ben Ali’s rule was replaced by an interim government which removed the ban on Tunisia’s Muslim Brotherhood-linked Al-Nahda party, leading to what Foreign Policydescribed as the party’s “meteoric rise.”
After Al-Nahda won 41% of the vote in Tunisia’s first parliamentary elections in October 2011, Noah Feldberg of Bloombergwrote, “It’s official: The Islamists have won the Arab Spring. And the result was as inevitable as it is promising.”
After Ben Ali was toppled, Tunisians called for an investigation to prosecute the officials of the old regime presumed to be responsible for ordering snipers to kill protestors. However, Deutsche Welle(DW)reported in December 2011 that an investigative committee failed to determine the identities of the shooters.
As a result, the mother of one of the victims denounced what she considered a “cover-up” by the transitional government headed by Beji Caid Essebsi for the “killers of the martyrs.”
DW adds that security men in the Ministry of Interior were also angry after being blamed for the sniper killings by members of the Tunisian military. They organized multiple protests in Tunis demanding “the disclosure of the truth about the snipers,” who they said had also killed some security personnel. The men called for the release of their colleagues who had been arrested but not proven guilty of killing demonstrators during the protests.
Snipers in Egypt
After appearing in Tunisia, the sniper phenomenon emerged again two weeks later in Egypt amid anti-government protests seeking to oust President Hosni Mubarak.
The protests in Egypt were spearheaded by activists from the April 6 Youth Movement, which was a member of the U.S. State Department’s Alliance for Youth Movements (AYM).
The AYM was funded by the from the U.S. government-established National Endowment for Democracy (NED) and organized by Jared Cohen, a State Department official working under Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. In September 2010, Cohen left government service to become the first director of Google Ideas, later known as Jigsaw.
According to PBS Frontline, April 6 members had been coordinating directly with the State Department since at least 2008.
According to a diplomatic cable released by Wikileaks, April 6 member Ahmed Saleh visited the U.S. to take part in a State Department-organized “Alliance of Youth Movements Summit” in New York. While at the summit, he discussed techniques with fellow activists to evade government surveillance and harassment.
After the summit, Saleh held meetings with members of Congress and their staffers on Capital Hill in Washington DC. The meetings involved discussions around his ideas for regime change in Egypt before the presidential elections scheduled for 2011.
During the same period, April 6 activist Mohammed Adel traveled to Serbia to take a course on Gene Sharp’s strategies for nonviolent revolutions from activists from OTPOR, Frontline added.
In 2010, activists from the April 6 Youth Movement chose to focus their anti-government organizing campaign around the death of Khalid Said, a young Egyptian man who was brutally beaten to death by police near his home in Alexandria in June of that year.
April 6 activist and Google executive Wael Ghonim created the “We are all Khalid Said” Facebook page, which he used to help organize the first major anti-government protest, the “Day of Revolt” in Cairo’s Tahrir Square on January 25, 2011.
During the Friday “Day of Rage” protest three days later, on January 28, street battles erupted between demonstrators and riot police at Tahrir Square, with police using violent methods, including beating protesters as well as using tear gas, water cannons, rubber bullets, and lethal shotgun ammunition.
But snipers were also present at the January 28 protest. Amnesty International reports, “According to an eyewitness, a boy and his mother, who found themselves in the midst of this chaos, lifted their arms in the air to demonstrate their peaceful intention. Nonetheless, the boy was shot in the neck and fell back on his mother.”
Amnesty reported further, “According to protesters, by 7pm snipers dressed in black or grey standing on top of buildings, including the Prime Minister’s Cabinet office, were among those firing at peaceful demonstrators. According to eyewitnesses, five or six people were shot on Qasr El Einy Street and many more were injured.”
Kamel Anwar, a fifty-six year old doctor with two children, was shot from behind on Qasr El Einy Street. He said snipers opened fire from the Taawun Petrol Station. He saw a teenage boy falling to the ground and remain motionless before he himself was shot.
Snipers appeared again the following day, January 29, as street battles between protestors and security forces escalated near the Ministry of Interior.
“Snipers in the residential buildings on the street also fired at them, shooting a journalist with a camera in the chest, according to an eyewitness… 12 are believed to have been killed,” Amnesty reported.
Evidence later presented in Cairo’s Criminal Court confirmed that snipers were deployed at the height of the eighteen-day revolution.
Al-Ahram newspaper reported, “Evidence included video footage showing men standing atop the ministry building in Cairo’s Lazoughli district on 29 January firing on protesters using live ammunition.”
“Footage also showed an unarmed protester bleeding to death from a head wound. According to medical reports also presented as evidence, the protester died after sustaining two bullet wounds to the head,” Al-Ahram added.
Just three days later, on February 1, President Barack Obama seized on the killings to call for Mubarak to step down. Obama publicly stated that the transition to a new government “must begin now.”
Earlier in the day, Obama had sent a message to Mubarak through Frank Wisner, a former U.S. ambassador to Egypt, telling him to “step down immediately,” Politicoreported. Mubarak agreed to give up power ten days later, on February 11.
The deaths of dozens of protestors killed by snipers on January 29 had given Obama the justification to demand a foreign leader and U.S. ally be removed.
While the perception persisted that the Obama administration had sought to keep their old ally in power as long as possible, Politico later reported that a group of White House aides, including Ben Rhodes and Denis McDonough, “gathered for an impromptu party” after Mubarak stepped down. “It was a euphoric night for us, no doubt,” said Michael McFaul, Obama’s top Russia aide and a participant in the PSD-11 strategy meetings.
A year later, in January 2012, the Muslim Brotherhood’s Freedom and Justice Party (FJP) won the largest number of seats in Egypt’s first democratic elections. In June 2012, Muslim Brotherhood candidate Mohammed Morsi was elected president of Egypt.
In March 2013, Morsi’s government commissioned a report claiming that Mubarak’s security forces were responsible for killing eight hundred protesters during the revolution.
“According to the leaked report, police were responsible for most of the deaths—many at the hands of police snipers shooting from the roofs surrounding Tahrir Square,” The Guardianreported.
In 2014, after Morsi had been deposed in a coup by Egyptian general Abdul Fattah Al-Sisi, Judge Mahmoud Al-Rashidy acquitted Mubarak’s former Interior Minister Habib al-Adly and six of his aides on charges of inciting and conspiring in the killing of protesters during the January 25 revolution.
Mada Masrreported that Judge Rashidy said he knew the verdict would “shock many” and therefore released the 280-page judgment to make the evidence of his conclusions public. “The testimonies admitted to the use of live ammunition only around police stations or other strategic buildings [between January 28 and 31], which the judge argues is self-defense and also outside the scope of the case, which specifies the killing of protesters in public squares,” Mada Masr wrote.
Rashidy argued that the Muslim Brotherhood was behind the violence. “It became evidently certain for the court that the group that targeted those security spots occupied by officers and employees went there with a conceived plan by an organized group that hides behind religion to tamper with the security and stability of the country,” the judge stated.
Rashidy’s investigation explains how protestors were confirmed killed by government forces in some places, but not others. This suggests that the Egyptian police may have been responsible for killing protesters with live ammunition to protect ministry buildings, while snipers from unknown parties were killing protestors who died elsewhere, such as at Tahrir Square and on Qasr El Einy Street.
Snipers in Libya
Just one week after Mubarak fell, the sniper phenomenon again appeared, this time in Libya, when protestors took to the streets for another “Day of Rage.”
On February 17, the Human Rights Solidarity campaign group toldThe Telegraph that snipers on rooftops in the city of Al-Baida had opened fire, killing thirteen protesters and wounding dozens more.
Human Rights Watch (HRW) reported that according to protestors, sixteen attending the demonstrations were killed by gunshot in Al-Baida, while another seventeen were shot and killed in Benghazi, mostly near Abdel Nasser Street.
As in Tunisia and Egypt, it was immediately assumed by western journalists and human rights activists that government security forces were responsible for the killings. “It is remarkable that Gaddafi is still copying the very same tactics that failed Hosni Mubarak so completely just across the border,” said Sarah Leah Whitson, Middle East and North Africa director at HRW, in response to the sniper fire.
On February 18, Salon reported that in Benghazi, snipers killed at least fifteen mourners leaving a funeral for demonstrators killed the day before. “Snipers fired on thousands of people gathered in Benghazi, a focal point of the unrest, to mourn 35 protesters who were shot on Friday,” a hospital official said.
Two weeks later, President Obama again seized on the killing of protestors and repeated the same demand he had made to Mubarak. “Colonel Qaddafi needs to step down from power,” the president said in a press conference at the White House on March 3. “You’ve seen with great clarity that he has lost legitimacy with his people.”
The United Nations passed a resolution for a no-fly zone over Libya two weeks later. Member states voting for the resolution claimed that Qaddafi was “on the verge of even greater violence against civilians,” and “stressed that the objective was solely to protect civilians from further harm.”
NATO then used the UN resolution authorizing a no-fly zone over Benghazi to launch a bombing campaign in support of Al-Qaeda-linked militants on the ground who were seeking to topple Qaddafi.
Members of the February 17 Martyrs Brigade, which was formed by Muslim Brotherhood members, captured the capital Tripoli on August 23. The brigade was led by Abdul Hakim Belhadj, former commander of the Al-Qaeda-linked Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG).
Unlike Bin Ali and Mubarak, Qaddafi had refused to step down. When he attempted to escape the city of Sirte before it was overrun on October 20, French warplanes bombed his convoy, killing up to ninety-five, including many who burned alive. Qaddafi survived but NATO-backed “rebels” quickly found him hiding in a pipe. He was either murdered on the spot or died while being transported in an ambulance.
The door was now open for the Muslim Brotherhood and other Islamist groups to seek power in a future government, as envisioned by PSD-11.
After Qaddafi’s fall, the country was temporarily governed by the National Transitional Council (NTC), which had been established on February 27, 2011 to act the “political face of the revolution.”
Elections were planned for June of the following year to establish a General National Congress, which would write a constitution and establish a permanent government. In November, the Muslim Brotherhood in Libya held a public conference in Benghazi to restructure its organization, elect a new leader, and form a political party, the Justice and Construction Party (JCP).
The LIFG formed the Libyan Islamic Movement for Change (LIMC), whose members split into two political parties.
U.S. State Department documents obtained under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) revealed details of the Obama administration’s support for the Muslim Brotherhood in Libya.
The documents showed that in April 2012, U.S. officials arranged for the Brotherhood’s public relations director, Mohammad Gaair, to visit Washington and speak at a conference hosted by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. The conference was entitled, “Islamists in Power.”
An undated State Department cable noted that the ambassadors of the United States, United Kingdom, France, and Italy visited Mohammad Sawan, Chairman of the Brotherhood’s JCP party at his office in Tripoli.
The State Department cable noted, ‘‘On their part, the Ambassadors praised the active role of the [JCP] Party in the political scene and confirmed their standing with the Libyan people and Government despite its weaknesses and they are keen to stabilize the region.”
Ahead of the parliamentary elections in July 2012, TheNew York Timesreported that leading Islamists in Libya had predicted that their parties would win as much as 60% of the seats in the congress. However, the “Islamist wave” that swept through Egypt and Tunisia was broken, the Timesnoted, when a coalition led by Mustafa Abd al-Jalil, the chairman of the NTC, won the most votes.
Jalil’s success in defeating the Brotherhood owed in part to his own promise to make Islamic law a main source of legislation for the new constitution and through the backing of his tribe, the Warfalla, one of the largest in the country.
Snipers in Yemen
After Libya, the sniper phenomenon soon appeared in Yemen as well, where Arab Spring demonstrations erupted to challenge the rule of President Ali Abdullah Saleh, who had ruled the country for over three decades.
On Friday, March 18, 2011, tens of thousands of protestors gathered in the Yemeni capital of Sana at a large traffic circled dubbed “Taghyir Square” or “Change Square.” The Associated Press(AP)reported, “As snipers hidden on rooftops fired methodically on Yemeni protesters Friday, police sealed off a key escape route with a wall of burning tires, turning the largest of a month of anti-government demonstrations into a killing field in which at least 46 people perished.”
“Many of the victims, who included children, were shot in the head and neck, their bodies left sprawled on the ground or carried off by other protesters desperately pressing scarves to wounds to try to stop the bleeding,” the AP added.
The AP then quoted Mohammad al-Sabri, an opposition spokesman, who immediately attributed the killings directly to President Saleh. “It is a massacre. This is part of a criminal plan to kill off the protesters, and the president and his relatives are responsible for the bloodshed in Yemen today,” Sabri said.
President Obama followed by saying, “Those responsible for today’s violence must be held accountable.”
However, like Ben Ali and Mubarak, President Saleh denied at a press conference that government forces were involved, claiming that the gunmen may have been from among the demonstrators themselves.
TheNew York Timesnoted that the sniper massacre would harm the Yemeni president, who had just begun Saudi-brokered negotiations to share power with Yemen’s opposition coalition, which was” dominated” by the Muslim Brotherhood-linked Islah Party.
“It’s not in Saleh’s interest at all to have people get shot,” the Times quoted Charles Schmitz, a Yemen expert at Towson University, as saying. “That fact deepened the mystery over the shootings,” the paper concluded.
The advantage gained by the opposition from the massacre was confirmed by a protestor, Abdul-Ghani Soliman. “I actually expect more than this, because freedom requires martyrs,” said Mr. Soliman. “This will continue, and it will grow.”
In the wake of the massacre, American and Yemeni officials stated that the Obama administration “quietly has shifted positions,” concluding that Saleh “must be eased out of office,” despite his role as a U.S. partner in the so-called Global War on Terror.
“The Obama administration has determined that President Ali Abdullah Saleh, who had his supporters fire on peaceful demonstrators, is unlikely to bring about required reforms,” the Columbus Dispatchwrote, even though “Saleh has been considered a critical ally in fighting the Yemeni branch of al-Qaida.”
The Dispatch wrote further that negotiations for Saleh to hand over power to a provisional government “began after government-linked gunmen killed more than 50 protesters at a rally on March 18, prompting a wave of defections of high-level government officials the following week.”
Notably, the Obama administration was now pushing Saleh to share power with the Muslim Brotherhood-linked Islah Party, which had a relationship with Al-Qaeda.
The Brookings Institution observed that as a result of the transition to a new, post-Saleh government, “Islah enjoyed new opportunities for institutional power,” and “initially seemed ascendant” until it experienced difficulties due to opposition from the Shia Zayid party, Ansar Allah (also known as the Houthis).
The New York Times later noted that Islah was led by Abdul Majid al-Zindani, a onetime mentor to Osama bin Laden who was named a “specially designated global terrorist” by the U.S. Treasury Department in 2004. During protests at Change Square in Sana in March, Zindani gave a speech in which he declared, “An Islamic state is coming!” the Times noted.
Brookings highlighted the relationship as well, writing that Islah’s “murky relationship” with extremist organizations like Al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) and the Islamic State (ISIS) also “proved an obstacle to maintain power.”
Snipers in Syria
Arab Spring protests in Syria began in March 2011 after Deraa residents were angered by the detention and alleged torture of several young teenage boys who had written slogans against President Bashar al-Assad on the wall of a school.
Syrian activists and the Arab media promoted exaggerated accounts of the teenage boys’ mistreatment to help spark protests.
“The ‘Daraa children,’ as they were dubbed in the media, weren’t children, and many had nothing to do with the writing on the walls, but tales of their harsh treatment in custody (real and embellished) sparked protests for their release, demonstrations that ignited the Syrian revolution in mid-March and christened Daraa as its birthplace,” Time journalist Rania Abouzeid, who reported from within Syria for several years during the war, noted.
On March 18, the same day snipers killed forty-six in Yemen, protestors gathered at the Al-Omari Mosque in the southern Syrian town of Deraa, for the first large anti-government demonstration in Syria. Four protestors were killed in murky circumstances that evening.
Inhis book, The Past Decade in Syria: The Dialectic of Stagnation and Reform, Muhammad Jamal Barout reports that according to Abd al-Hamid Tafiq, the Al-Jazeera Damascus bureau chief, “a group of masked militants riding motorcycles opened fire on the demonstrators, killing four people between the hours of six and eight in the evening, including Ahmad al-Jawabra, who was considered the first martyr.”
And who were the masked militants riding motorcycles? Barout takes for granted that they were from the government side. But it is unclear why the government would resort to using masked men on motorbikes in Deraa to suppress protests.
One possibility is that the masked men on motorcycles were “saboteurs” or “infiltrators” from a third party seeking to create martyrs needed to stoke anger, and further protest, against the government.
Five days later, on March 23, Reuters reported the presence of snipers amid the killing of ten more protesters in Deraa, including at a mosque and at the edge of the city during a protest march. “Snipers wearing black masks were seen on rooftops,” Reuters wrote, assuming they were from the government side.
“You didn’t know where the bullets were coming from. No one could carry away any of the fallen, one Deraa resident said.
“Bodies fell in the streets. We do not know how many died,” another witness told the news agency.
Snipers later appeared in the town of Douma in the eastern Ghouta area of the Damascus countryside. The killing of protesters in Douma, coupled with the strong Salafist beliefs of many of its residents, made the town a center of the protest movement in the country.
In his book, Syria: A Way of Suffering to Freedom, Al-Jazeera analyst Azmi Bishara observes that Douma residents organized a small anti-government protest of about one thousand people on Friday, March 25 to show solidarity with demonstrators in Deraa.
AFPreports that six civilians were shot and killed a week later, on April 1, when about three thousand protestors gathered at the Great Mosque in Douma for another protest. Of these events, Bishara writes that, “snipers on the buildings overlooking the square fired live bullets at the protesters, resulting in six martyrs.”
Bishara observed further that, “This was the first time that live bullets were used to suppress protesters in the Damascus countryside” and that it “immediately turned into a catalyst” that pushed the residents “to rise up against the regime” and participate further in demonstrations.
A funeral (and de facto protest) for the martyrs was held two days later, on April 3. This time, huge crowds turned out, which Bishara attributes to the work of the snipers, assuming them to come from the government side.
“The scene of the funeral of the martyrs of Douma on April 3, 2011, in which about 60,000 citizens participated, illustrates the adverse effect of the precise solution that the regime followed in confronting the uprising,” Bishara wrote.
In contrast, Syrian state media insisted that an unknown armed group opened fire on the protestors in Douma, killing both civilians and security personnel. However, the killings had a strong effect on how Syrians perceived the chaotic events, turning many against the government.
Yusuf, a Christian from the neighboring town of Irbeen in eastern Ghouta, told this author, “The snipers helped light the fire of the Syrian revolution. After many protestors were killed, the demonstrations got bigger, and more people were against the government.”
Protests spread to many more cities and towns the following week, as did the killings.
On April 8, dubbed the “Friday of Steadfastness,” large demonstrations took place in Deraa and several surrounding villages.
In Deraa, twenty-seven people were killed, Al-Jazeera reported, citing medical sources and witnesses. One witness claimed the security forces opened fire with rubber-coated bullets and live rounds to disperse stone-throwing protesters.
In contrast, state-run SANA news agency reported that nineteen members of the security forces were killed and seventy-five people wounded by “armed groups” in Daraa using live ammunition.
Syrian sociologist Mohammad Jamal Barout stated that demonstrators blamed government affiliated gangs (shabiha) for the killings, while the government blamed “infiltrators.”
Many on the government side began to accept the opposition narrative of government responsibility.
The Deraa representative in the People’s Assembly, Syria’s parliament, held the security services responsible for the killings, while the editor-in-chief of the official Tishreen newspaper was dismissed from her position after questioning the government denial that the snipers came from among its security forces, Barout explained.
During the April 8 demonstration in Deraa, some protestors gathered in front of the Palace of Justice. Most were from the Al-Musalma, Al-Radi, and Aba Zaid families. They were the same families of the protestors killed on March 18 by the masked “motorcycle riders,” Barout noted.
By this time, not only peaceful protestors were being killed, but also armed opposition militants and army soldiers engaged in gunbattles with one another. However, to obscure the nature of the violence and blame it on the government, opposition activists began claiming that dead opposition militants were actually civilian protestors, and that government soldiers were not being killed by the opposition militants, but by fellow soldiers for refusing to fire on protestors and trying to defect.
In one notable case, snipers killed nine soldiers traveling in a bus on the coastal highway near Banias on April 9, the day after the Deraa protests. Opposition activists attempted to blame the army for killing its own soldiers, allegedly for refusing to fire on protestors. But one soldier who survived the attack said he was not shot at by fellow soldiers. He stated that he did not have orders to fire on peaceful protestors, but only at anyone shooting at him first.
By this time, some prominent opposition activists began to acknowledge “infiltrators” may have been behind the killing of some protestors, journalist Alix Van Buren of Italy’s la Repubblica newspaper reported on April 12.
When Van Buren asked eighty-year-old lawyer Haythem al-Maleh, the “father of civil rights” in Syria, about the possibility of “infiltrators,” Maleh spoke of “those who want to poison the relationship between the people and the regime: those who shoot at demonstrators and soldiers, to spread terror.”
On Monday, April 18, opposition activists took the decision to march to the square of the new clock tower in the center of Homs, Syria’s third largest city, and to establish a sit-in there resembling that established in Egypt’s Tahrir Square previously. The sit-in would set the stage for another alleged massacre that was used to suggest that the Syrian government was using appalling levels of violence to suppress peaceful dissent.
Human Rights Watch (HRW) released testimony from an alleged defected intelligence officer who claimed that dozens and dozens of people were killed and wounded at the sit-in in over thirty minutes of shooting by Air Force security, the army, and Alawite gangs.
Shortly after the massacre, “earth diggers and fire trucks arrived. The diggers lifted the bodies and put them in a truck. I don’t know where they took them. The wounded ended up at the military hospital in Homs,” the alleged defector told HRW.
Al-Jazeera similarly reported claims by activists of a “real massacre,” and that “shooting was being carried out directly on the demonstrators.”
Time journalist Rania Abouzeid reported that the alleged clock tower massacre “was a turning point in the struggle for Homs, although years later some of the men present that night would admit that claims of a massacre were exaggerated, even fabricated, by rebel activists to garner sympathy.” But news of the fabricated massacre made an impact on Syrians who believed it to be true.
Ahmed, a man from Homs who owned a shop near the clock tower during the period of the early protests, told this author that when the protests began in 2011, Assad was “beloved.”
However, after seeing that so many protestors had been killed, he became an opponent of the government and joined a Free Syrian Army (FSA) group in Homs. After fighting against the government for two years, he fled to opposition-controlled territory in Idlib to resume his life as a shop owner.
The chaos and killings continued in the weeks after the alleged massacre in Homs. Syrian security forces allegedly killed 103 people across the country during “Great Friday” demonstrations four days later, on April 22. Syrian activists speaking to Al-Jazeera called it the “bloodiest day” of the revolution so far.
In response to the killings, President Obama issued a strong statement, saying the “outrageous use of violence to quell protests must come to an end now.” On May 19, Obama demanded further that Assad either lead the transition to democracy “or get out of the way.”
Snipers soon also appeared in Hama, Syria’s fourth largest city and the site of traditional Muslim Brotherhood opposition to the Assad government, dating back to the events of 1982. On June 4, opposition activists claimed snipers opened fire on protesters gathered in Hama’s old quarter and the nearby Assi Square, killing at least fifty-three.
“The firing began from rooftops on the demonstrators. I saw scores of people falling in Assi square and the streets and alleyways branching out. Blood was everywhere,” one witness told Reuters. “It looked to me as if hundreds of people have been injured but I was in a panic and wanted to find cover. Funerals for the martyrs have already started,” he added.
Finally, on August 18, 2011, President Obama publicly called for Assad to “step aside” while imposing sanctions on the Syrian government, The Washington Postreported.
In a nod to the Muslim Brotherhood, the Post noted that in Syria, the “Sunni majority, however, has an Islamist strain long repressed by the Assads that could demand a larger role in the next government.”
In December 2011, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton declared that the United States viewed the Syrian National Council (SNC) as a “leading and legitimate representative of Syrians seeking a peaceful transition,” after meeting with leaders of the group residing outside Syria.
Reuters later noted that although the public face of the SNC was the secular, Paris-based professor Bourhan Ghalioun, the organization was in fact controlled by the Muslim Brotherhood. “[T]here is little dispute about who calls the shots,” the news agency stated.
As in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Yemen, the bodies of the dead protestors in Syria were paraded on TV and the internet, but no one rushed to conduct a ballistic analysis of who was shooting them.
Instead, the answer was “ready in advance,” and all the blame immediately fell “on the head of the ruling regime,” as the Russian analyst Yuferev Sergey predicted.
However, as journalist Kit Klarenberg observed, “If peaceful protesters were killed in the initial stages of the Syrian ‘revolution,’ the question of who was responsible remains unanswered today.”
Evidence that the Syrian government did not order the killing of protestors in this early period is found in the minutes of the meetings of the Syrian government’s Central Crisis Management Cell, which was organized by Assad to manage the response to the protests.
The Crisis Cell minutes were revealed in the “Assad files,” a massive cache of documents smuggled out of Syria. The documents were preserved by a European funded NGO, the Commission for International Justice and Accountability (CIJA), for the purpose of gathering evidence of the involvement of top government officials in war crimes.
Contrary to what was claimed, the documents do not show that senior Syrian security officials issued orders to shoot protestors. Instead, they contain numerous orders instructing the security forces to avoid shooting civilians, and to only use live fire in cases of self-defense, as the soldier in Banias claimed.
Klarenberg writes that in the days leading up to the mid-March protests, Crisis Cell officials issued explicit instructions to security forces that citizens “should not be provoked.”
Another order from the Crisis Cell states, “In order to avoid the consequences of continued incitement… and foil the attempts of inciters to exploit any pretext, civil police and security agents are requested not to provoke citizens.”
Klarenberg notes further that on April 18, the Crisis Cell ordered the military to only “counter with weapons those who carry weapons against the state, while ensuring that civilians are not harmed.”
In his discussion of the Crisis Cell documents, analyst Adam Larson notes that an order from April 23 states security forces should be “Focusing on arresting inciters, especially those shooting at demonstrators (snipers or infiltrators).”
Because these are internal communications that were never expected to be made public, the Syrian leadership would not have hesitated to discuss orders for snipers to shoot peaceful protestors to suppress the demonstrations, if that had been their strategy.
But they recommended the opposite, perhaps as result of seeing what had already happened in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Yemen.
To supplement the protests, the CIA launched an Al-Qaeda-led insurgency to topple Assad’s government, as detailed in this author’s book, Creative Chaos. War engulfed Syria over the next fourteen years, killing hundreds of thousands and displacing millions.
Known as Operation Timber Sycamore, the CIA effort was finally successful in December 2024 when former Al-Qaeda and Islamic State in Iraq commander Abu Mohammad al-Jolani was installed as president of Syria by the governments of the United States, Israel, the United Kingdom, Russia, and Turkey.
Advisors assigned to Jolani by British intelligence quicky helped him rebrand as Ahmad al-Sharaa, who was warmly greeted by U.S. President Donald Trump in Saudi Arabia in May 2025. The former Al-Qaeda leader then sat down for an intimate talk with a former CIA director, David Petraeus, in New York, not far from the site of destroyed World Trade Center towers, on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly in September 2025.
Snipers in Ukraine
The sniper phenomenon appeared again years later, this time in Ukraine, during U.S.-backed protests in Kiev to topple the pro-Moscow government of President Viktor Yanukovych in February 2014.
Months before, in November 2013, Ukrainian politician Oleg Tsarev accused the U.S. embassy in Kiev of preparing a coup.
While speaking on the floor of the parliament, Tsarov said the U.S. embassy had launched a project called “TechCamp,” which prepares activists for information warfare and to discredit state institutions using modern media. Multiple conferences were organized to train “potential revolutionaries for organizing protests and the toppling of the government,” Tsarov explained.
During the conferences, “American instructors show examples of successful use of social networks to organize protests in Egypt, Tunisia and Libya,” he added.
State Department emails released by Wikileaks report that Alec Ross, the State Department’s Senior Advisor for Innovation, played a key role in organizing the Ukraine Tech Camps.
Along with Hillary Clinton’s State Department advisor, Jared Cohen, Ross had helped train activists from the Middle East to use Facebook and other technologies to organize protests in advance of the Arab Spring.
As part of a delegation of Tech executives, Ross and Cohen visited Syria in 2010 to discreetly explore ways to use new technologies to “create disruptions in society that we could potentially harness for our purposes.”
Shortly after the Syria trip, Fortune magazine noted that Cohen “advocates for the use of technology for social upheaval in the Middle East and elsewhere.”
In December 2013, a month after Ukrainian parliament member Tsarev accused Washington of preparing a coup, activists established a protest camp at Maidan Square in the center of the Ukrainian capital.
On December 13, as anti-government protests were underway, the late U.S. Senator John McCain told CNN during a live interview from Kiev that a U.S. delegation in Ukraine is seeking to “bring about” a “transition” in the country. He expressed how “pleased” he was that Undersecretary of State Victoria Nuland was present in Kiev with him, attempting to achieve the same goal.
Protests continued in the following weeks, with demonstrators maintaining an encampment surrounded by barricades at Maidan Square amid the freezing winter weather.
However, on February 18, deadly clashes between police and anti-government protesters in Maidan left at least twenty-five people dead and hundreds injured, the Associated Press reported.
The following day, February 19, Obama said he was watching the violence in Ukraine “very carefully.”
“We expect the Ukrainian government to show restraint and to not resort to violence when dealing with peaceful protesters,” Obama said.
At the same time, Senators McCain and Chris Murphy (D-CT) announced they were preparing legislation that would impose sanctions against Ukrainians who have committed, ordered or supported acts of violence against peaceful protesters. “There must be consequences for the escalation of violence in Ukraine,” they said in a statement. “Unfortunately, that time has now come.”
Unmentioned by Obama, McCain, and Murphy was the fact that thirteen of the victims killed the day before were not protestors, but members of the police.
As Libertarian Institute Director Scott Horton details in Provoked, his exhaustive study of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, false flag snipers from the opposition opened fire on protestors at Maidan just one day after Obama and McCain’s warnings.
The Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung(FAZ) later described the events of that day as “a cold-blooded bloodbath.”
“On February 20, a Thursday, the confrontation reaches its climax. Shots lash over the barricades. People collapse… The masked men fire for minutes at anyone who comes into their sights,” reported the FAZ.
Over the course of several days at Maidan, snipers assumed to be from President Yanukovych’s Berkut police units killed 103 protestors. The victims were quickly branded as the “Heavenly Hundred” at a mass funeral the following day.
The “martyrs” needed to topple the pro-Russian Ukrainian government had now been created.
Social media tools promoted at the U.S.-funded TechCamp, in particular Google-owned YouTube, played a key role in publicizing the deaths and establishing the narrative that the Yanukovych government was responsible. “That same day, video images sealing Yanukovych’s fate circulate on YouTube: masked gunmen in police uniforms fire into the crowd,” the FAZ wrote.
Amid the ensuing outrage over the killings, the Ukrainian president fled Kiev to the city of Kharkiv near the Russian border. “Yanukovych was overthrown the very night of the following day, on February 21. The images of the carnage were his downfall,” the German newspaper noted.
Amid attempts by European Union leaders to broker a deal with the opposition that would have kept Yanukovych in power until elections in December, Reutersreported that one of the protestors gave an emotional speech that same night demanding the president be removed in response to the killings.
Speaking at Maidan Square with open coffins behind him, Volodymyr Parasuik stated, “Our kinsmen have been shot, and our leaders shake hands with this killer. This is shame. Tomorrow, by 10 o’clock, he has to be gone.”
As Scott Horton observed, Parasuik publicly mourned the dead at Maidan and accused Yanukovych of their killing, even though he was the same man who commanded snipers to shoot police, and likely fellow protestors, on the morning of February 20 from the Music Conservatory.
The day after Parasuik’s speech, February 22, Ukraine’s parliament passed a resolution stating Yanukovych “is removing himself [from power] because he is not fulfilling his obligations,” and voted to hold early presidential elections.
Just one day later, February 23, Ukraine’s acting interior minister said Yanukovych was wanted for “mass murder,” Reutersadded, while calling Parasuik the “toast of Kiev.”
Political scientists Samuel Charap of the Rand Corporation and Timothy Colton of Harvard University note that the U.S. ambassador to Russia at the time, Michael McFaul, later told an audience at the German Marshall Fund in Washington DC that he received numerous “high-five emails” from colleagues in the days after the coup.
As noted above, McFaul participated in the PSD-11 planning meetings as an NSC staffer and celebrated with colleagues when Egypt’s President Mubarak was overthrown.
On May 25, pro-U.S. candidate Petro Poroshenko was elected President of Ukraine. President Obama called Poroshenko the same day to congratulate him on his victory and to “commend the Ukrainian people for making their voices heard.”
Charap and Colton also pointed to the “jubilation in Western capitals” following the coup, as Ukraine’s new government was determined to reverse Yanukovych’s “relatively Russia-friendly foreign policy” and move closer to the EU.
After the successful coup, questions soon arose questioning the identity of the snipers at Maidan.
Scott Horton notes further that in early March, Estonian Foreign Minister Urmas Paet told the EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security, Catherine Ashton, that he was receiving “disturbing” reports from a doctor who treated victims at a first aid station at Maidan.
The doctor said that of the first thirteen gunshot victims brought in, all were shot to the “heart, to neck, to lung.” Crucially, the doctor stated that the bullets that killed protestors were of the same type as those that killed police.
“The evidence appeared to show that the people who were killed by snipers [were] from both sides, among policemen and people in the street. That they were the same snipers killing people from both sides,” Paet stated in a leaked phone call with Ashton.
“So that there is now stronger and stronger understanding that behind the snipers, it was not Yanukovych, but it was somebody from the new coalition,” the Estonian minister concluded.
Just as in Tunisia and Egypt, the new government that came to power courtesy of the snipers showed little interesting in investigating the killings. “And it’s really disturbing that now the new coalition, that they don’t want to investigate what exactly happened,” Paet added.
Commenting on these killings one year later, UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary, or arbitrary executions, Christof Heyns, similarly stated that he was “concerned by the apparent shortcomings of the investigation into these events.”
Years later, Ivan Katchanovski, a Ukrainian professor of Political Science at the University of Ottawa in Canada, conducted a detailed forensic investigation of the killings using video and photographic evidence filmed by journalists and protestors and broadcast on TV and on social media.
He concluded that the protestors were not killed by police units loyal to Yanukovych, but by snipers from a far-right opposition group’s occupying positions in the Music Conservatory and upper floors of the Hotel Ukraina above Maidan Square.
“This was the best documented case of mass killing in history, broadcast live on TV and the internet, in presence of thousands of eyewitnesses. It was filmed by hundreds of journalists from major media in the West, Ukraine, Russia, and many other countries as well as by numerous social media users,” Katchanovski wrote. “Yet, to this day, no one has been brought to justice for this major and consequential crime.”
While the Ukrainian and Western governments and mainstream media promoted a narrative placing blame on the Yanukovych government, Katchanovski’s work “found that this was an organized mass killing of both protesters and the police, with the goal of delegitimizing the Yanukovych government and its forces and seizing power in Ukraine.”
The 2014 sniper operation led in part to the current war raging between Ukraine and Russia.
In April 2014, just one month after the Maidan protests, Ukraine’s interim President Olexander Turchynov, launched an “anti-terror” operation to crush ethnic Russian separatists in Donbass in eastern Ukraine who rejected the coup against Yanukovych.
A civil war ensued, leaving 14,000 Ukrainians, civilians and combatants, from both sides dead. The civil war then contributed to Russia launching its invasion in 2022. Hundreds of thousands of Ukrainian and Russian soldiers have since died.
Though the evidence of who killed the Heavenly Hundred at Maidan is clear, the Ukrainian government continues to hide the truth and commemorate them each year as martyrs for the so-called “Revolution of Dignity.”
The Western press also refuses to acknowledge the real culprits, instead blaming Russia.
To commemorate the Maidan events in 2024, Luke Harding of The Guardianwrote that the 103 protesters were killed by “pro-Putin government forces.”
During a trip to Ukraine following the Russian invasion in in 2022, this author had a conversation with a Ukrainian woman, Luba, which illustrated how an unconventional warfare campaign involving false flag killings can influence the political views of the population of a target country. Despite being born in Crimea to ethnic Russian parents and speaking Russian as a first language, Luba was militantly pro-Ukraine and believed that Russian President Vladimir Putin’s 2022 invasion was part of an effort to commit genocide against Ukrainians. Luba said she attended the protests in Maidan in 2014 and that the killing of the protestors by snipers strongly influenced her beliefs about Russia.
Like many Ukrainians, she believed the narrative that police loyal to Yanukovych had killed the protestors. She said she believed the snipers may have even been Russian special forces, sent by Moscow to help Yanukovych suppress the protests to stay in power.
Conclusion
In August 2010, the Obama administration issued Presidential Study Directive 11, calling for “democratic transitions” in Middle East states, including in U.S. allies, that would lead to Islamists from the Muslim Brotherhood taking power. In the following months, protests erupted in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Yemen, and Syria, demanding that long-time autocratic rulers be toppled.
The protests were organized and led by activists trained in the use of social media and other technologies, including Tor, Facebook, and YouTube, by the U.S. State Department in cooperation with U.S. technology firms.
In each instance, the phenomenon of the snipers appeared, targeting protestors with precise shots to the head and neck.
The killings were quickly attributed to government security forces, providing the “martyrs” needed to fuel the protestor’s anger further. The protests snowballed as more and more people turned against the Arab rulers they had previously supported.
In each case, the sniper phenomenon gave President Obama the pretext to call for these rulers to leave power, saying the killing of protestors had caused them to lose legitimacy. As a result, opposition movements led by the Muslim Brotherhood either took power, or nearly took power, in each country as well.
Three years later, the same pattern emerged in Ukraine.
In each case, the false flag killings and accompanying activist-backed social media campaigns deeply impacted the views of many people in the target countries. In the cases of Syria and Ukraine, the unconventional warfare campaigns launched by elements within the U.S. government led to major conflicts that have killed hundreds of thousands of people.
Civilians and soldiers in Syria and Ukraine have suffered from crimes carried out by all sides in those conflicts, crimes which would not have occurred had covert measures to effect “democratic transitions” not been implemented by planners in Washington.
Colonel Jacques Baud is a former military intelligence analyst in the Swiss Army and the author of many books. Baud discusses the temporary pause in the Gaza conflict and the absence of a new status quo and clear Israeli borders.
Iran, Russia, and Azerbaijan have agreed to significantly increase the volume of cargo that passes through their territories from the Baltic Sea and the Barents Sea to the Persian Gulf.
Iran’s Minister of Road and Urban Development Farzaneh Sadegh said on Monday that Tehran, Moscow, and Baku had agreed to set a target of 15 million metric tons (mt) for annual cargo transit via their territories.
Sadegh made the remarks after a trilateral meeting in Baku, where he discussed transport, energy, and customs issues with Azerbaijan’s Deputy Prime Minister Shahin Mustafayev and Russian Deputy Prime Minister Alexey Overchuk.
Sadegh said the three countries had also agreed to streamline and modernize their customs operations to help increase the volume of cargo transit via their territories.
She said that Iran and Russia had accelerated works on the construction of a key railroad link in northern Iran that would significantly boost transit volumes via the International North–South Transport Corridor (INSTC).
Sadegh said that the Russian contractor of the Rasht-Astara railroad will be able to start work on the project after March 2026, when Iran finishes land purchases and other preparations for the construction of the 160-kilometer rail link.
Russia’s Overchuk also hailed the agreements reached during the trilateral meeting in Baku, saying that Iran, Russia, and Azerbaijan have been seeking to create a common commodity market with barrier-free logistics that could cover transit from the Barents and Baltic Seas to the Persian Gulf.
Overchuk told Russia’s Tass news agency that increased transit via the INSTC would lead to more economic welfare for the people of the three countries, adding that the project would entail major benefits for producers, exporters, and importers.
For decades, the prevailing notion was that the ‘solution’ to the Israeli occupation of Palestine lay in a strictly negotiated process. “Only dialogue can achieve peace” has been the relentlessly peddled mantra in political circles, academic platforms, media forums, and the like.
A colossal industry burgeoned around that idea, expanding dramatically in the lead-up to, and for years after, the signing of the Oslo Accords between Yasser Arafat’s Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and the Israeli government.
The unmaking of ‘peace’
The problem was never with the fundamental principle of ‘dialogue,’ ‘peace,’ nor even with that of ‘painful compromises‘ — a notion tirelessly circulated during the ‘peace process’ period between 1993 and the early 2000s.
Instead, the conflict has largely been shaped by how these terms, and an entire scaffolding of similar terminology, were defined and implemented. ‘Peace’ for Israel and the US necessitated a subservient Palestinian leadership, ready to negotiate and operate within confined parameters, and entirely outside the binding parameters of international law.
Similarly, ‘dialogue’ was only permissible if the Palestinian leadership consented to renounce ‘terrorism’ — read: armed resistance — disarm, recognise Israel’s purported right to exist as a Jewish state, and adhere to the prescribed language dictated by Israel and the US.
In fact, only after officially renouncing ‘terrorism’ and accepting a restricted interpretation of specific UN resolutions on the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza did Washington agree to ‘dialogue’ with Arafat. Such low-level conversations took place in Tunisia and involved a junior US official — Robert Pelletreau, Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs.
Not once did Israel consent to ‘dialogue’ with Palestinians without a stringent set of preconditions, driving Arafat to a unilateral series of concessions at the expense of his people. Ultimately, Oslo yielded nothing of intrinsic value for Palestinians, apart from Israel’s mere recognition, not of Palestine or the Palestinian people, but of the Palestinian Authority (PA), which, over time, became a conduit for corruption. The PA’s continued existence is inextricably linked to that of the Israeli occupation itself.
Israel, conversely, operated unchecked, conducting raids on Palestinian towns, executing massacres at will, enforcing a debilitating siege on Gaza, assassinating activists, and imprisoning Palestinians en masse, including women and children. In fact, the post-‘dialogue,’ ‘peace,’ and ‘painful compromises’ era witnessed the largest expansion and effective annexation of Palestinian land since the 1967 Israeli occupation of East Jerusalem, the West Bank, and Gaza.
Gaza as the anomaly
During this period, there was a widespread consensus that violence, meaning only Palestinian armed resistance in response to unconstrained Israeli violence, was intolerable. The PA’s Mahmoud Abbas dismissed it in 2008 as ‘useless,’ and subsequently, in coordination with the Israeli military, devoted much of the PA’s security apparatus to suppress any form of resistance to Israel, armed or otherwise.
Though Jenin, Tulkarm, Nablus, and other regions and refugee camps in the West Bank continued to forge spaces, however constrained, for armed resistance, the concerted efforts of Israel and the PA often crushed or at least substantially reduced these moments.
Gaza, however, consistently stood as the anomaly. The Strip’s armed uprisings have persisted since the early 1950s, with the emergence of the fedayeen movement, followed by a succession of socialist and Islamic resistance groups. The place has always remained unmanageable — by Israel, and later by the PA. When Abbas loyalists were defeated following brief but tragic violent clashes between Fatah and Hamas in Gaza in 2007, the small territory became an undisputed center of armed resistance.
This event occurred two years after the Israeli army’s redeployment out of Palestinian population centers in the Strip (2005), into the so-called military buffer zones, established on areas that were historically part of Gaza’s territory. It was the start of today’s hermetic siege on Gaza.
In 2006, Hamas secured a majority of seats in the Palestinian Legislative Council, an unexpected turn of events that infuriated Washington, Tel Aviv, Ramallah, and other Western and Arab allies.
The fear was that without Israel’s PA allies maintaining control over the resistance inside Gaza and the West Bank, the occupied territories would inevitably result in a widespread anti-occupation revolt.
Consequently, Israel intensified its suffocating siege on the Strip, which refused to capitulate despite the horrific humanitarian crisis resulting from the blockade. Thus, starting in 2008, Israel adopted a new strategy: treating the Gaza resistance as an actual military force, thereby launching major wars that resulted in the killing and wounding of tens of thousands of people, predominantly civilians.
Despite the immense destruction and the relentless siege, let alone external international and Arab pressures and isolation, the Strip somehow endured and even regenerated itself. Destroyed residences were rebuilt from the salvaged rubble, and resistance weaponry was also replenished, often utilizing unexploded Israeli munitions.
The 7 October rupture
The 7 October Hamas operation, known as Al-Aqsa Flood, constituted a significant break from the established pattern that had endured for years.
For Palestinians, it represented the ultimate evolution of their armed struggle, a culmination of a process that commenced in the early 1950s and involved diverse groups and political ideologies. It served as a stark notification to Israel that the rules of engagement have irrevocably shifted, and that the besieged Palestinians refuse to submit to their supposed historical role of perpetual victimhood.
For Israel, the event was earth-shattering. It exposed the country’s vaunted military and intelligence as deeply flawed, and revealed that the country’s leadership assessment of Palestinian capabilities was fundamentally erroneous.
This failure followed the brief surge of confidence during the normalisation campaign initiated by the US and Israel with pliable Arab and Muslim countries during Trump’s first term in office. At that time, it appeared as though the Palestinians and their cause had been rendered irrelevant in the broader Middle Eastern political landscape. Between a co-opted Palestinian leadership in the West Bank and besieged resistance movements in Gaza, Palestine was no longer a decisive factor in Israel’s pursuit of regional hegemony.
The centerpiece of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s strategy, and his aspiration to conclude his long political career with the ultimate regional triumph, was suddenly obliterated. Enraged, disoriented, but also determined to restore all of Israel’s advantages since Oslo, Netanyahu embarked on a campaign of mass killing that, over the course of two years, culminated in one of the worst genocides in human history.
His methodical extermination of the Palestinians and overt desire to ethnically cleanse the survivors out of Gaza laid bare Israel and its Zionist ideology for their inherently violent character, thus allowing the world, especially Western societies, to fully perceive Israel for what it truly is, and what it has always been.
Resistance, resilience, and defeat
But the genuine fear that unified Israel, the US, and several Arab countries is the terrifying prospect that resistance, particularly armed resistance, could re-emerge in Palestine, and by extension across the Middle East, as a viable force capable of threatening all autocratic and undemocratic regimes. This fear was dramatically amplified by the ascent of other non-state actors, such as Hezbollah in Lebanon and Ansarallah in Yemen, who collectively with the Gaza resistance managed to forge a formidable alliance that required direct US involvement in the conflict.
Even then, Israel failed to achieve any of its strategic objectives in Gaza, owing to the legendary resilience of the Palestinian people, but also the prowess of the resistance that managed to destroy over 2,000 Israeli military vehicles, including hundreds of the pride and joy of the Israeli military industry, the Merkava tank.
No Arab army has managed to exact this scale of military, political, and economic cost from Israel throughout the country’s violent existence of nearly eight decades. Though Israel and the US — and others, including some Arab countries and the PA — continue to demand the disarming of the resistance, such a demand is rationally nearly unattainable. Israel has dropped over 200,000 tons of explosives over Gaza over the course of two years to achieve that singular objective, and failed. There is no plausible reason to believe that it can achieve such a goal through political and economic pressures alone.
Not only did Israel fail in Gaza, or, more accurately in the words of many Israeli historians and retired army generals, was decisively defeated in Gaza, but Palestinians have managed to reassert Palestinian agency, including the legitimacy of all forms of resistance, as a winning strategy against Israeli colonialism and US-Western imperialism in the region. This explains the profound fear shared by all parties that Israel’s defeat in Gaza could fundamentally alter the entire regional power dynamics.
Though the US and its Western and Arab allies will persist in negotiating in an attempt to resurrect the almost 90-year-old Palestinian leader Abbas and his Oslo paradigm as the only viable alternatives for Palestinians, the medium and long-term consequences of the war are likely to present a starkly different reality, one where Oslo and its corrupted figures are definitively relegated to the past.
Finally, if we are to speak of a Palestinian victory in Gaza, it is a resounding triumph for the Palestinian people, their indomitable spirit, and their deeply rooted resistance that transcends faction, ideology, and politics.
All of this considered, it must also be clearly stated that the current ceasefire in Gaza cannot be misconstrued as a ‘peace plan’; it is a mere pause from the genocide, as there will certainly be a subsequent round of conflict, the nature of which depends heavily on what unfolds in the West Bank, indeed the entire region, in the coming months and years.
An academic study has revealed that the United States has funneled $21.7 billion in financial and military assistance to Israel since the onset of the Gaza genocide on October 7, 2023.
The report released on Tuesday by the Costs of War Project at Brown University’s Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs details how the US State Department and the newly renamed Department of War, under both Joe Biden and Donald Trump administrations, have collectively transferred at least $21.7 billion to support Israel’s genocide in Gaza.
According to the study, the United States supplied $17.9 billion to Israel in the first year of the genocide, during former US president Joe Biden’s tenure, and $3.8 billion in the second year.
A large portion of the assistance has already been delivered, while the remainder will be distributed in the coming years, the report added.
The study notes that Washington is expected to allocate tens of billions of dollars in future funding to Israel through various bilateral deals.
Another analysis, also published by the Costs of War Project, states that the United States has spent approximately $9.65 – $12.07 billion on military operations in West Asia over the past two years.
US spending in the region, such as strikes on Yemen in March and May 2025 and attacks on Iranian nuclear sites on June 22, estimates total costs between $9.65 billion and $12 billion since October 7, 2023, including $2 billion to $2.25 billion for operations against Iran.
Although both reports rely on open-source data, they present detailed assessments of US military support for Israel and estimates of the cost of direct American involvement in the region.
Meanwhile, the State Department has not commented on the amount of military assistance given to Israel since October 2023. The White House referred inquiries to the Pentagon, which oversees only a part of the aid that is given to the Zionist entity.
The studies argue that without US backing, the regime would have been unable to maintain its genocidal campaign in Gaza for two years.
The principal study was produced in collaboration with the Washington-based Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft.
Pro-Israel groups have accused the institute of isolationism and anti-Israel bias, allegations the organization firmly denies.
Meanwhile, Israel’s war machine continues its campaign of destruction, claiming countless civilian lives across Gaza and the wider region.
Since October 7, 2023, when Israel launched its genocidal war on the besieged Gaza Strip, more than 76,000 Palestinians, including over 20,000 children and 12,500 women, have been killed or gone missing, while in its 12-day war with Iran last June, the regime killed at least 1,604 people.
Here’s the conundrum facing Gaza’s Palestinians. Having endured devastating military operations, they now face “reconstruction” overseen by someone whose interventions have consistently produced what results, exactly?
Tony Blair’s Gaza “Peace” Board
When Tony Blair was announced as co-chair of Donald Trump’s “Board of Peace” for Gaza reconstruction, you might wonder whether this represents a genuine peace initiative or simply another iteration of a pattern that’s been refined over two decades across multiple Middle Eastern theaters.
It might sound paradoxical that the architect of the Iraq War, a conflict built on intelligence about weapons of mass destruction that never materialized, would now be positioned as the overseer of Gaza’s future. But in reality, that’s how these appointments work in the Western establishment.
Previous failures seem to qualify rather than disqualify candidates for new ventures.
The Iraq Blueprint
If you want to understand what awaits Gaza under Blair’s stewardship, the Iraq experience offers an instructive template. The Chilcot Inquiry found that Blair “misrepresented intelligence” and “failed to exhaust all peaceful options” before launching the 2003 invasion.
What’s particularly revealing is that British intelligence agencies knew evidence used to justify the war came from individuals who had been tortured, yet the decision to proceed was made regardless.
Blair and his administration spent a decade denying British complicity in the CIA’s torture programs, only to eventually face uncovered evidence that proves the UK’s deep involvement in the rendition programs. Not to forget the major role the UK played in creating a war that killed over a million Iraqis, further destabilized an already inflammable region, emboldened the mutation of what they called “Al Qaeda” into multiple versions, most famously ISIS, and caused a refugee crisis that Europe complains about the most.
Yet Blair has never faced legal accountability. Instead, he has been rewarded with lucrative consultancy contracts and, incredibly, now oversees yet another Middle Eastern territory devastated by military operations.
No wonder some observers view this appointment with skepticism, is there?
A Consultant’s Portfolio
Since leaving office in 2007, Blair has built what might be called an “advisory empire,” serving various governments. His client list makes for interesting reading, doesn’t it?
In Kazakhstan, Blair advised former President Nursultan Nazarbayev following the December 2011 massacre of at least 17 protesting workers. Leaked emails revealed Nazarbayev paid an estimated £20 million for Blair’s counsel on how to “present a better face to the West.
Blair chose to provide no response on two different occasions to Human Rights Watch when they requested a detailed account of his “consultancy” work and the results it has achieved.
Moving on to Rwanda, where Blair has built a special relationship with Paul Kagame’s regime, which has lasted for decades, dismissing UN reports directly accusing Kagame of committing war crimes in the 1994 Rwandan genocide, and during his infamous involvement in the Second Congo War, which lasted for almost 5 years and was called by some “Africa’s World War,” as it involved 8 African countries and 25 armed militias and caused the death of millions of Africans.
Blair’s response to such accusations directed at him and Kagame would put Niccolo Machiavelli to shame, as he said literally, “Our consultancy is not to tell the people of Rwanda what to do, but to help get done what the president wants.”
The Tony Blair Institute’s accounts show income reaching $121 million in a single year, with much of it from advising what reports described as “repressive”.
The pattern seems consistent: Blair provides Western legitimacy to governments willing to pay for it, while actual democratic reforms remain notably absent from the list of deliverables.
The same Western establishment that positioned itself as guardian of international law regarding various conflicts now promotes Blair for Gaza oversight. Yet Blair’s record demonstrates repeated bypassing of the UN Security Council when it suited Western objectives.
In Kosovo in 1999, Blair established his template: bypassing UN authorization, working with militias whose leaders now face war crimes charges, and claiming humanitarian motives afterward. The NATO bombing campaign never received Security Council approval and killed at least 488 Yugoslav civilians.
That intervention transformed NATO from a defensive alliance into an organization “prepared to initiate war beyond the UN.” Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov continues to reference NATO’s “illegal use of force” in Kosovo when responding to Western criticism.
The rendition operations tell their own story. Blair’s government was involved in the 2004 kidnapping of Abdul-Hakim Belhaj from Malaysia, delivering him to Gaddafi’s torture facilities. The UK government eventually paid £2.3 million in compensation to Sami al-Saadi, though characteristically, it never formally admitted wrongdoing or apologized.
The Gaza Plan: “Investment” or Control?
The leaked 21-page draft proposal outlines a “Gaza International Transitional Authority” (GITA) with an organizational structure worth examining carefully. At the top sits “an international board of billionaires and businesspeople,” while “highly vetted ‘neutral’ Palestinian administrators” occupy the lower administrative positions.
The plan describes Gaza reconstruction as a “commercially driven authority, led by business professionals and tasked with generating investable projects with real financial returns”. Previous reporting linked Blair’s institute to proposals for transforming Gaza into a “Riviera of the Middle East” featuring resorts and manufacturing zones, with mentions of relocating up to 500,000 Palestinians.
Various analysts, both Arab and non-Arab, have expressed concern that the plan is designed to sideline any form of Palestinian governance, in favor of international bodies brought in to carry the load.
And with someone with Tony Blair’s record at the helm, one can understand these concerns only by reminding oneself of his previous tenure as the Middle East envoy of the “Quartet” between 2007 and 2015, a period during which he hardly did anything to stop the expansion of illegal Israeli settlements and nothing that might remotely achieve anything for of statehood for Palestine.
The structure Blair proposes: wealthy foreign decision-makers controlling Palestinian land and resources while Palestinians serve in subordinate administrative roles. This bears a resemblance to governance models from a century ago.
Whether this represents “investment” or simply foreign control with better branding is a question worth considering.
Here’s the conundrum facing Gaza’s Palestinians. Having endured devastating military operations, they now face “reconstruction” overseen by someone whose interventions have consistently produced what results, exactly?
If they accept the Blair plan, they get foreign control disguised as investment, with Palestinians in subordinate roles while “billionaires and businesspeople” make strategic decisions. If they reject it, they risk being portrayed as obstacles to peace and reconstruction, potentially losing access to funding and international support.
The Accountability Gap
Despite the Chilcot Inquiry findings about Britain’s role in the Iraq War, despite compensation paid to rendition victims, and despite documented intelligence manipulation, Blair has never faced legal consequences. Instead, he’s built a consulting empire worth hundreds of millions and has now been appointed to oversee Gaza’s future.
The British government has paid millions in compensation to torture victims without formally admitting responsibility. Blair himself has declined to comment on specifics regarding what he knew about torture programs and when.
This pattern raises questions about international accountability mechanisms. If the architect of the Iraq War faces no consequences, what message does that send about international law?
If involvement in rendition operations results in consultancy opportunities rather than prosecution, what does that suggest about deterrence?
The Accountability Question: The double standard regarding UN authority is worth examining.
The Destruction/Reconstruction Façade
But the pattern seems difficult to ignore. Now I think it’s logical to pose these questions, regardless of political affiliations or personal opinions about the various conflicts discussed here:
What exactly is Blair bringing to Gaza that couldn’t be provided by someone without his particular history?
Who benefits from his appointment to this role?
Does the international community have mechanisms for accountability, or do Western leaders operate under different rules?
Gaza’s Palestinians deserve better than to have their future determined by someone whose previous interventions left trails of destruction across multiple continents. Whether they’ll get better is another question entirely. The pattern has been consistent: promise reform, deliver foreign control, profit from reconstruction contracts, and move on before accountability arrives, or do not respond to it at all.
There’s no particular reason to expect Gaza will be different, unless something fundamental changes about how the international system operates instead of it trying to convince anybody with such a destruction/reconstruction façade, or what one might comfortably call “investment imperialism,” that is being imposed by genocidal force on Gaza.
But for this change to happen, “We the People” worldwide need to wake up and realize who should be in control.
Tamer Mansour is an Egyptian Independent Writer & Researcher.
Izzat al-Rishq, a member of Hamas’s Political Bureau, on Monday welcomed a joint statement issued by the foreign ministers of several Arab and Islamic countries, describing it as “important support” for efforts to end Israeli military operations in Gaza and advance negotiations toward a ceasefire.
Speaking to Quds Press, al-Rishq said the ministers’ declaration reinforced the Palestinian position in ongoing talks and could help secure a permanent ceasefire, the withdrawal of Israeli forces, and the entry of humanitarian aid, paving the way for reconstruction under a Palestinian administration backed by Arab and Islamic states.
“We look forward to further Arab and Islamic support to stop the aggression and genocide against our people in Gaza, to end the occupation, and to achieve the aspirations of our people for an independent state with Jerusalem as its capital,” he added.
In their joint statement, the foreign ministers of Jordan, the UAE, Indonesia, Pakistan, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Egypt welcomed Hamas’s steps in response to US President Donald Trump’s proposal. The plan calls for ending the war in Gaza, releasing detainees on both sides, and launching immediate negotiations on implementation mechanisms.
The ministers also praised Hamas’s announcement that it is ready to hand over the administration of Gaza to a transitional Palestinian committee of independent technocrats. They stressed the urgency of moving forward on all elements of the proposal to end the humanitarian and political crisis in the enclave.
I spoke with Seyed Mohammad Marandi in Sochi about the peace deal being imposed on Gaza, and the US/Israeli preparations for another war with Iran. Marandi is a professor at Tehran University and a former advisor to Iran’s Nuclear Negotiation Team.
The knives are out for Rep. Thomas Massie (R-KY), and his political survival could prove whether Congress still answers to American voters or to a foreign lobby with limitless cash.
Pro-Israel Republican megadonors recently set up the MAGA Kentucky super PAC with $2 million specifically to oust Massie. Paul Singer contributed $1 million, John Paulson added $250,000, and Miriam Adelson’s Preserve America PAC provided $750,000. The Republican Jewish Coalition has promised “unlimited” campaign spending if Massie runs for Senate, with CEO Matt Brooks declaring that “if Tom Massie chooses to enter the race for US Senate in Kentucky, the RJC campaign budget to ensure he is defeated will be unlimited.”
President Donald Trump has also jumped into the fray, branding Massie a “pathetic loser” who should be dropped “like the plague.” Overall, a constellation of pro-Zionist forces is mobilizing at full force to unseat Congress’s most principled non-interventionist politician since Ron Paul retired in 2013. In many respects, Massie has taken up Paul’s mantle of foreign policy restraint — a political agenda that has never sat well with organized Jewry. Massie’s legislative track record on foreign policy speaks for itself.
Massie’s Long Track Record of Voting Against Foreign Policy Interventionism
Throughout his congressional career, Massie has established himself as Congress’s most consistent opponent of the neoconservative/neoliberal foreign policy consensus. His principled opposition to endless wars and foreign entanglements has earned him the nickname “Mr. No” — similar to his predecessor Ron Paul — for frequently casting lone dissenting votes against military interventions.
In 2013, Massie introduced the War Powers Protection Act to “block unauthorized U.S. military aid to Syrian rebels.” He argued that “since our national security interests in Syria are unclear, we risk giving money and military assistance to our enemies.” When Obama sought to arm Syrian rebels in 2014, Massie voted against the plan, declaring it “immoral to use the threat of a government shutdown to pressure Members to vote for involvement in war, much less a civil war on the other side of the globe.”
Massie consistently opposed U.S. involvement in Yemen’s civil war, co-sponsoring multiple bipartisan resolutions to invoke the War Powers Resolution and “remove United States Armed Forces from unauthorized hostilities in the Republic of Yemen.” He stated that “Congress never authorized military action in Yemen as our Constitution requires, yet we continue to fund and assist Saudi Arabia in this tragic conflict.”
His opposition to NATO expansion proved equally consistent. In 2017, Massie was one of only four House members to vote against a pro-NATO resolution, explaining that “the move to expand NATO in Eastern Europe is unwise and unaffordable,” and such expansion contradicted Trump’s campaign assertion that “NATO is obsolete.”
Regarding the Russo-Ukrainian war, Massie maintained his non-interventionist stance, receiving an “F” grade from Republicans for Ukraine. He opposed the Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act, multiple aid packages, and efforts to strip Ukraine funding. Massie argued that supporting Ukraine aid was “economically illiterate and morally deficient,” declaring that “the American taxpayers have been conscripted into making welfare payments to this foreign government.”
Most recently, in June 2025, Massie introduced a bipartisan War Powers Resolution with Rep. Ro Khanna to “prohibit United States Armed Forces from unauthorized involvement” in the Israel-Iran conflict. After Trump’s strikes on Iranian nuclear facilities, Massie criticized the action as “not Constitutional,” remaining the only Republican co-sponsor of the war powers resolution.
Massie’s Anti-Zionist Streak
Massie’s most politically dangerous positions involve his consistent opposition to pro-Israel legislation, earning him the distinction of being the lone Republican opposing numerous Israel-related measures.
In July 2019, Massie cast the sole Republican vote against a resolution opposing the Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions movement. The resolution passed 398-17, but Massie defended his position by stating he does not support “federal efforts to condemn any type of private boycott, regardless of whether or not a boycott is based upon bad motives” and that “these are matters that Congress should properly leave to the States and to the people to decide.”
In September 2021, Massie was the only Republican to vote against $1 billion in funding for Israel’s Iron Dome defense system. He explained that “my position of ‘no foreign aid’ might sound extreme to some, but I think it’s extreme to bankrupt our country and put future generations of Americans in hock to our debtors.” This vote prompted AIPAC to run Facebook ads stating “When Israel faced rocket attacks, Thomas Massie voted against Iron Dome.”
Perhaps most controversially, on May 18, 2022, Massie cast the lone vote against a resolution condemning antisemitism, which passed 420-1. The American Jewish Committee criticized him, stating that “while Democrats and Republicans united, Rep. Massie, who has also opposed bills on Holocaust education and Iron Dome funding, decided that combating rising hatred is not important.” Massie defended his vote by tweeting that “legitimate government exists, in part, to punish those who commit unprovoked violence against others, but government can’t legislate thought.”
In October 2023, Massie opposed a $14 billion aid package for Israel, proclaiming that “if Congress sends $14.5 billion to Israel, on average we’ll be taking about $100 from every working person in the United States. This will be extracted through inflation and taxes. I’m against it.” When AIPAC criticized him, Massie responded that “AIPAC always gets mad when I put America first. I won’t be voting for their $14+ billion shakedown of American taxpayers either.”
On October 25, 2023, Massie was the sole Republican to vote against a resolution affirming Israel’s right to defend itself following the October 7 Hamas attacks. A month later, on November 28, 2023, he became the only member of Congress to oppose a resolution affirming Israel’s right to exist and equating anti-Zionism with antisemitism, which passed 412-1.
The most explosive moment came in December 2023 when Massie posted a meme of the rapper Drake contrasting “American patriotism” with “Zionism,” implying Congress prioritized the latter. Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer called the post “antisemitic, disgusting, dangerous” and demanded he remove it. The White House labeled it “virulent antisemitism.” Republican Jewish Coalition CEO Matt Brooks condemned it, stating “Shame on you @RepThomasMassie. You’re a disgrace to the US Congress and to the Republican Party.”
Massie vs. Trump
Trump’s escalating attacks on Massie reveal the extent to which the sitting president serves pro-Israel interests rather than pursuing genuine ideological differences. The timing and intensity of Trump’s criticism align suspiciously with Massie’s most vocal challenges to Israeli influence in Congress.
In June 2025, after Massie criticized Trump’s Iran strikes as “not Constitutional,” Trump unleashed a scathing Truth Social response calling Massie “not MAGA” and declaring that “MAGA doesn’t want him, doesn’t know him, and doesn’t respect him.” Trump branded Massie a “simple-minded ‘grandstander’ who thinks it’s good politics for Iran to have the highest level Nuclear weapon” and concluded that “MAGA should drop this pathetic LOSER, Tom Massie, like the plague!”
This vitriol represents a dramatic shift from Trump’s 2022 endorsement, when he called Massie a “Conservative Warrior” and “first-rate Defender of the Constitution.” The transformation occurred precisely as Massie intensified his criticism of Israeli influence and foreign aid. Trump’s attacks escalated further after Massie’s explosive June 2024 Tucker Carlson interview where he revealed that “everybody but me has an AIPAC person. … It’s like your babysitter, your AIPAC babysitter who is always talking to you for AIPAC.”
Massie elaborated that “I have Republicans who come to me and say that’s wrong what AIPAC is doing to you, let me talk to my AIPAC person… I’ve had four members of Congress say I’ll talk to my AIPAC person and like it’s casually what we call them my AIPAC guy.” This revelation exposed the systematic nature of Israeli influence over Congress, prompting immediate backlash from pro-Israel organizations and likely contributing to increased donor funding against his re-election campaign.
The pattern makes clear that Trump’s hostility toward Massie stems less from policy disagreements than from his deference to powerful Jewish donors. Although he often claims to oppose “endless wars,” Trump’s attacks on Massie — the most consistent non-interventionist in Congress — expose where his true loyalties lie in advancing the agenda of Jewish supremacist interests rather than pursuing an independent foreign policy. House Speaker Mike Johnson has signaled that GOP leadership will abandon Massie, stating that “he is actively working against his team almost daily now and seems to enjoy that role. So he is, you know, deciding his own fate.”
AIPAC is on the Hunt
AIPAC’s 2024 electoral victories demonstrate the lobby’s willingness to spend unprecedented sums to eliminate critics of Israeli policy. The organization’s success in defeating progressive Democrats and protecting establishment Republicans reveals a coordinated strategy to purge Congress of independent voices. AIPAC will look to replicate its successes against the likes of Israel critics such as Massie.
Against Rep. Jamaal Bowman in New York’s 16th District, AIPAC’s United Democracy Project (UDP) spent $14.5 million opposing Bowman while also propping up challenger George Latimer. Independent media outlet Sludgereported that “the $14.5 million AIPAC’s super PAC has spent in the NY-16 Democratic primary is more than any outside group has ever spent on a single House of Representatives election race.”
The spending was fueled by Republican megadonors channeled through AIPAC, with WhatsApp founder Jan Koum donating $5 million to UDP. Responsible Statecraft noted that “AIPAC effectively acted to launder campaign funds for Republican megadonors into the Democratic primary, where the spending was generally identified in media as ‘pro-Israel,’ not ‘Republican.’” By election day, Latimer-aligned groups had outspent Bowman’s backers by over seven-to-one.
Against Rep. Cori Bush in Missouri’s 1st District, UDP spent over $8.5 million to attack her record on Israel and support her pro-Zionist challenger Wesley Bell. The Bush-Bell primary became one of the most expensive House primaries ever with over $18 million in total ad spending. Bush called it “the second most expensive congressional race in our nation’s history, $19 million and counting” funded by “mostly far-right-funded super PACs, against the interests of the people of St. Louis.”
Even in Republican primaries, AIPAC intervened to protect establishment allies. To defend moderate Rep. Tony Gonzales against challenger Brandon Herrera in Texas’s 23rd District, UDP spent $1 million opposing Herrera in a “two-week ad buy.” The Republican Jewish Coalition added $400,000 in attack ads against Herrera. Combined AIPAC and RJC spending totaled approximately $1.4-1.5 million, helping Gonzales narrowly defeat Herrera by just 354 votes with 50.6% to 49.4%.
These victories came as part of AIPAC’s broader $100+ million spending cycle, with Common Dreamsnoting that “AIPAC money has already made a significant impact, helping a pair of pro-Israel Democrats defeat progressive Reps. Jamaal Bowman (D-N.Y.) and Cori Bush (D-Mo.)—two of Congress’ most vocal critics of Israel’s assault on Gaza—in recent primary contests.”
How Massie’s Race Could Determine the Israel Lobby’s Actual Power
Massie’s 2026 primary represents the ultimate test of whether any politician can survive the full force of pro-Israel opposition. The Kentucky race will determine if AIPAC’s previous victories represent sustainable power or pyrrhic victories that expose the lobby’s long-term vulnerabilities.
Massie’s unique position may prove more defensible than Bowman’s or Bush’s urban districts. His rural Kentucky constituency shows less susceptibility to urban media campaigns and maintains stronger skepticism of foreign entanglements. Moreover, his local roots provide credibility that transcends typical political attacks. The Kentucky representative’s ability to frame opposition as foreign interference rather than domestic policy disagreements could resonate with voters increasingly suspicious of the pro-Israel establishment that dominates Washington’s political scene.
The financial strain of AIPAC’s previous victories may also constrain future spending. The organization’s $100+ million commitment across multiple races represents an unsustainable pace that could face donor fatigue. Each expensive victory exposes the lobby’s methods to greater scrutiny and potential backlash. Progressive groups increasingly highlight AIPAC’s role in primary defeats, potentially mobilizing opposition that limits future effectiveness.
Massie’s survival would demonstrate that principled politicians can withstand pro-Israel pressure through constituent loyalty and grassroots support. His defeat would confirm that no elected official can challenge Israeli interests regardless of their domestic support. The Kentucky race thus represents a pivotal moment in determining whether American foreign policy serves American interests or remains subordinate to foreign influence.
If Massie withstands the assault, it will mark the first crack in the façade of Zionist invulnerability; if he falls, it will prove that American politicians can be bought and buried by World Jewry’s limitless stockpiles of cash.
The United States is now openly admitting that it is arming the Lebanese military to fight its own people and that it won’t allow Lebanon to defend itself against the Israelis. This is no mistake and is instead part of a clear-cut strategy, designed to plunge the nation into chaos.
Although Lebanese Prime Minister Nawaf Salam has openly followed orders from his American allies, choosing to pursue the disarmament of Hezbollah without any national defense strategy, a move opposed by the majority of the Lebanese public, it seems that the US is still not impressed.
While some have been duped into believing the policy of pursuing disarmament depends on the willingness of the Lebanese military, this way of reading the current American plot is completely wrong. Disarming Hezbollah is just step one in a much more complex strategy.
Since the ceasefire on November 27, 2024, the Zionist regime has continuously bombarded Lebanese territory, anywhere and at any time. They have committed around 5,000 total violations, continuing to expand their military presence in the south of Lebanon, where the Zionist leadership vows to remain indefinitely.
It is crucial at this stage to ask why, especially since airstrikes, specifically those that kill civilians, only complicate the US-assigned tasks of the Lebanese government, bringing both shame and embarrassment, particularly to Nawaf Salam.
One way of looking at the airstrikes is that the Israelis are seeking to degrade the capabilities of Hezbollah and prevent them from rebuilding following the war. Yet, their strikes are simply not effective enough to make a significant dent in this regard, although they may be hitting some sensitive targets on occasion.
This leaves us with the obvious explanation: the ongoing military assault is part of a war of perception which Hezbollah should behave in a very calculated way to deal with. The Israelis achieve two objectives by carrying out more and more provocative violations of Lebanese sovereignty: they project an image of dominance and attempt to bait Hezbollah into responding.
Some would then ask: Why does Hezbollah not respond? A question sometimes asked rhetorically in order to infer that they are too weak to do so.
The answer is quite simple. Hezbollah has put up a limited military front for almost an entire year in support for Gaza, responding to each Israeli escalation in what it considered a calculated manner. Yet all this merely allowed “Israel” to hatch a plot which harmed not only Hezbollah, but Lebanon as a whole. Despite this, the Zionist regime failed to finish the job, and Hezbollah not only survived but fought a defensive war to a stalemate.
If Hezbollah decides to respond in a limited manner to Israeli aggressions, it would provide the perfect excuse for the occupying entity to launch a large-scale military operation which would significantly damage Lebanon. In return, if Hezbollah does not manage to achieve major and overt military victories in such a confrontation, it would be a devastating blow.
In other words, the next confrontation has to be on a much greater scale than anything seen before, a military campaign in which Hezbollah manages to shock not only the Israelis, but the world, and most importantly, the Lebanese people themselves.
The martyred Secretary General of Hezbollah, Seyyed Hassan Nasrallah, often spoke of the media war with the Zionist entity, treating it with great seriousness. This was because public perception shapes not only political outcomes, but also the course of battles on the ground through morale.
Prior to September 2024, the stock of Hezbollah was incredibly high. The public perception was that the Resistance was capable of defeating the Israelis by itself. This is why the end of the war and its results, the renewed occupation of Lebanese lands, brought shock. In reality, Hezbollah’s capabilities were never matching those of the Israelis, yet the tenacity of the Lebanese fighter and the Resistance’s planning created such an impression, especially following the 2006 war.
The perception of Hezbollah’s strength made the Israeli terrorist pager attack and assassination strikes against its leadership all the more devastating, because the public believed such attacks to be impossible.
This is something that the US has since weaponised, with figures like US envoy Morgan Ortagus even declaring that Hezbollah is over. This brings us to her fellow American envoy Tom Barrack’s recent interview with Sky News Arabia.
Barrack explicitly asserted that the US is supplying the Lebanese army to fight its own people, even laughing at the idea that this support is intended to confront “Israel”. While some analysts interpreted Barrack’s statements as ill-advised or mistaken, they couldn’t be further from the truth, there is a reason why he speaks with such confidence.
The U.S. Trump administration understands full-well that the Lebanese army is not capable of removing Hezbollah’s weapons by force alone. The Americans and their Israeli allies may be many things, but they are not naive on this issue. They understand that many strings must be pulled if Hezbollah is actually going to suffer a blow which will lead to significant military degradation.
Part of this strategy is to try and publicly humiliate not only Hezbollah, but also the Lebanese State and people as a whole. Meanwhile, the Israelis are performing their part in this plot and are escalating their provocative actions, now implementing tactics such as deliberately carrying out civilian massacres, like the one that occurred in Bint Jbeil recently. Also, they are now attempting to clear portions of southern Lebanon by issuing evacuation orders before bombing civilian buildings.
What the likes of Nawaf Salam don’t appear to understand is that they are totally disposable in this equation. Meaning that there is even a danger he could be assassinated by the Israelis or Americans in order to pin the blame on Hezbollah and its allies.
Right now, the US and “Israel” are plotting against Lebanon. They will seek to carry out actions which will be just as detrimental, if not more, than what we witnessed last September, and they are under no illusions about whether the Lebanese army could simply disarm Hezbollah for them.
The Israelis are openly seeking the so-called “Greater Israel”, as per their Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s own admission earlier this year. A common misconception about the “Greater Israel Project” is that it would mean occupying Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, parts of Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and even Türkiye, in the same way it did in Palestinian occupied territories.
In fact, the man who first conceived the “Greater Israel” model, Oded Yinon, in his academic article back in 1982, advocated for an Israeli empire, under which the nations of the region would be broken down into sectarian regimes and ethno-states, all of which would be effectively demilitarized and under the de-facto control of the Zionist Entity.
When the Zionist regime occupied southern Lebanon following the 1982 invasion, during which 20,000 people were killed, it relied on the “South Lebanon Army” to carry out its agenda. A similar system was not set up in the occupied West Bank. There, the Zionists instead injected their population to build illegal settlements and Judaize the area, while collaborators managed the territory under Israeli rule.
Similarly, in Syria, the Zionists are not necessarily interested in settling Daraa, for instance, they would much rather demilitarize the entire south, except the collaborator regime they hope to implement in Sweida. Officials in Tel Aviv have also made it clear that they will never tolerate the rebuilding of the Syrian Arab Army; they will only allow a military force comparable to that of Lebanon.
All of this is to say that there is a psychological war being waged on the people of Lebanon and region at large. Hezbollah is still very much militarily capable of taking the fight to the Israelis, but how they do it is of great importance. We know well that the Resistance still possesses considerable capabilities, because we witnessed newly revealed weapons right up until the final days of the war, many of them in clear abundance.
One mistake that the US may be making, however, is that all its rhetoric about Hezbollah could well backfire.
… As Netanyahu meets with Trump to push new lies to justify a new war in Iran, it is well worth remembering Israel’s previous role in pushing lies and pushing for the war in Iraq. – Read full article
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